{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:48:45Z","timestamp":1777668525874,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied the patterns of digits and numbers used when programming infusion pumps with the aim of informing the design of number entry interfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Number entry systems on medical devices are designed with little thought given to the numbers that will be entered. In other fields, text and number entry interfaces are designed specifically for the task that they will be used for. Doing so allows for faster and more accurate interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Study 1, logs were taken from infusion pumps used in a hospital. Information about the numbers being typed was extracted. For Study 2, three common number entry interfaces were evaluated in light of these results to determine which were best suited to the task of programming infusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are clear patterns in the numbers being used in hospitals. The digit 0 is used far more frequently than any other digit. The numbers 1,000, 100, and 50 are used in nearly half of all infusions. Study 2 demonstrates that interfaces are not optimized for entering such data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Changes could be made to the design of the number entry interface on infusion pumps, leading to a reduction in the number of key presses necessary to program a device. We offer a set of four heuristics to guide the design of number entry interfaces on infusion devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improving the design of the number entry interface of medical devices, such as infusion pumps, would lead to improved efficiency and a reduction in the likelihood of errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812471988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T23:01:32Z","timestamp":1359068492000},"page":"61-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Designing Devices With the Task in Mind"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wiseman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duncan P.","family":"Brumby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720812471988","volume-title":"SUI Summary Report","author":"Adams R.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720812471988","unstructured":"Benford F. (1938). The law of anomalous numbers. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 78, 551\u2013572. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/984802"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020696"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehaene S., Mehler J. (1992). Cross-linguistic regularities in the frequency of number words. Cognition, 43, 1\u201329. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/001002779290030L","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(92)90030-L"},{"issue":"99","key":"bibr5-0018720812471988","first-page":"17","volume":"99","author":"Durtschi C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Accounting"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720812471988","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. (2009). MedSun: Newsletter #33. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/medsun\/news\/newsletter.cfm?news=33"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes C., Jefferson P., Ball D. (2009). Difficulties implementing the guidelines for the management of severe local anaesthetic toxicity. Journal of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, 64, 573. Retrieved from http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.05922_1.x\/full","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.05922_1.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720812471988","volume-title":"Fluorouracil incident root cause analysis","author":"Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2616"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ley E. (1996). On the peculiar distribution of the US stock indexes\u2019 digits. American Statistician. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/2684926","DOI":"10.2307\/2684926"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCloskey M., Caramazza A., Basili A. (1985). Cognitive mechanisms in number processing and calculation: Evidence from dyscalculia. Brain and Cognition, 4, 171\u2013196. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2409994","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(85)90069-7"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720812471988","volume-title":"Design for patient safety: A guide to the design of electronic infusion devices","author":"National Patient Safety Agency","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.08.016"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23768-3_15"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salthouse T. A. (1986). Perceptual, cognitive, and motoric aspects of transcription typing. Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), 303\u2013319. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3714922","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.99.3.303"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/pope.204.0753"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0112"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03021027"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720812471988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen S. W., Kramer M. S., Hoey J., Hanley J. A., Usher R. H. (1993). Terminal digit preference, random error, and bias in routine clinical measurement of blood pressure. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(10), 1187\u20131193. 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