{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:48:52Z","timestamp":1777668532003,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to compare the decision times for left\u2013right decisions for a dual-coded advisory turn indicator and a typical spatial-only turn indicator in a GPS navigational map display.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Track-up maps are useful for turn decision making but do not facilitate configural knowledge acquisition of an area. North-up maps present a stable orientation for this type of learning, but typical implementations of north-up map displays lead to misaligned and confusing turn information. We compared a typical spatial-only indicator with a dual-coded spatial-plus-verbal indicator, systematically manipulating vehicle heading and measuring reaction time. The new display, the Dual-Coded Advisory Turn Indicator for Maps (DATIM), was based on an assumption of the advantages of concurrent verbal and spatial processing of advisory turn indicators in map displays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The experimental design was a 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 24 mixed design with indicator type as a between-subjects factor and turn direction (left, right) and 24 heading angles (15\u00b0 intervals) as repeated-measures factors. Participants made turn decisions while viewing static displays of intersections at variably rotated headings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reaction time for the DATIM display was consistently faster than the typical spatial-only indicator at all heading angles but especially at heading angles beyond \u00b145\u00b0 (520-ms difference at 180\u00b0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DATIM display produced faster turn decisions at all heading angles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DATIM displays could allow north-up maps to be used for turn-by-turn decision making in GPS navigational systems. Drivers could have the advantages of both the stable orientation to facilitate planning and the easy turn-by-turn guidance. Limitations are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813478017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T23:49:07Z","timestamp":1362613747000},"page":"935-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dual-Coded Advisory Turn Indicators for GPS Navigational Guidance of Surface Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Caitlan A.","family":"Rizzardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herbert A.","family":"Colle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720813478017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089103300107"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720813478017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327043hup0504_3"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720813478017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.11.851"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720813478017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198528012.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720813478017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720813478017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044379-9\/50188-6"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720813478017","unstructured":"Campbell J. L., Carney C., Kantowitz B. H. (2012). Human factors design guidelines for advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) and commercial vehicle operations (CVO) (FHWA-RD-98-057). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720813478017","unstructured":"Chalm\u00e9 S., Denis M., Briffault X., Gaunet F., Nathan F. (2000). Verbal aids to automobile navigation: The impact of directional instructions on drivers\u2019 behavior at the approach of intersections. 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