{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:49:58Z","timestamp":1777668598917,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present research, we investigated the hypothesis that working memory mediates conversation-induced impairment of situation awareness (SA) while driving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although there is empirical evidence that conversation impairs driving performance, the cognitive mechanisms that mediate this relationship remain underspecified. Researchers have reported that a phonological working memory task decreased drivers\u2019 SA for vehicles located behind them whereas a visuospatial working memory task impaired SA for vehicles ahead. Conversation, therefore, might impair SA for vehicles behind the driver by preferentially taxing the phonological loop.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 20-questions task was used as a proxy for natural conversation. In Experiment 1, driving performance was measured across three within-subjects conversation conditions (i.e., no conversation, driver asks questions, driver answers questions) with the use of a driving simulator. In Experiment 2, participants drove in the same simulator while either conversing (20-questions task) or not. Participants estimated the positions of other vehicles after the screens were blanked at the end of each trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Speed monitoring and responses to visual probes were impaired by the 20-questions conversation task (Experiment 1). As predicted, conversation impaired SA for the location of other vehicles more for vehicles located behind the driver than for those in front (Experiment 2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conversation impairs drivers\u2019 SA of vehicles behind them by taxing working memory\u2019s phonological loop and impairs SA generally by taxing working memory\u2019s central executive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Provides a theoretical framework that links driver SA to working memory and a mechanism for understanding why conversation impairs driving performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813519265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T23:54:31Z","timestamp":1390002871000},"page":"1077-1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Effects of Conversation on Situation Awareness and Working Memory in Simulated Driving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Heenan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris M.","family":"Herdman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049462"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.05.001"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01538-2"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.11.851"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/pb-50-3-4-223"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.4.641"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.10.015"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210929"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925285"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.01.009"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220701281135"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724980042000011"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049499"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720813519265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12461"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720813519265","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Second International Workshop on Symbiosis of Humans, Artifacts and Environment","author":"Endsley M. 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