{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:50:05Z","timestamp":1777668605471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]],"date-time":"2014-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this simulator-based study, we aimed to quantify performance differences between joystick steering systems using first-order and second-order control, which are used in underground coal mining shuttle cars. In addition, we conducted an exploratory analysis of how users of the more difficult, second-order system changed their behavior over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence from the visuomotor control literature suggests that higher-order control devices are not intuitive, which could pose a significant risk to underground mine personnel, equipment, and infrastructure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-six naive participants were randomly assigned to first- and second-order conditions and completed three experimental trials comprising sequences of 90\u00b0 turns in a virtual underground mine environment, with velocity held constant at 9 km\/h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Performance measures were lateral deviation, steering angle variability, high-frequency steering content, joystick activity, and cumulative time in collision with the virtual mine wall.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The second-order control group exhibited significantly poorer performance for all outcome measures. In addition, a series of correlation analyses revealed that changes in strategy were evident in the second-order group but not the first-order group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results were consistent with previous literature indicating poorer performance with higher-order control devices and caution against the adoption of the second-order joystick system for underground shuttle cars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low-cost, portable simulation platforms may provide an effective basis for operator training and recruitment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814522295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,15]],"date-time":"2014-02-15T02:10:34Z","timestamp":1392430234000},"page":"1177-1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Control Order and Visuomotor Strategy Development for Joystick-Steered Underground Shuttle Cars"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Cloete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Zupanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Burgess-Limerick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720814522295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1875934301104010062"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720814522295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.07.007"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720814522295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.700328"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720814522295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0042961"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720814522295","volume-title":"Paper presented at Asia-Pacific Conference on Vision","author":"Cloete S. 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