{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:50:37Z","timestamp":1777668637628,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we investigated how drivers adapt secondary-task initiation and time-sharing behavior when faced with fluctuating driving demands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reading text while driving is particularly detrimental; however, in real-world driving, drivers actively decide when to perform the task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a test track experiment, participants were free to decide when to read messages while driving along a straight road consisting of an area with increased driving demands (demand zone) followed by an area with low demands. A message was made available shortly before the vehicle entered the demand zone. We manipulated the type of driving demands (baseline, narrow lane, pace clock, combined), message format (no message, paragraph, parsed), and the distance from the demand zone when the message was available (near, far).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all conditions, drivers started reading messages (drivers\u2019 first glance to the display) before entering or before leaving the demand zone but tended to wait longer when faced with increased driving demands. While reading messages, drivers looked more or less off road, depending on types of driving demands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For task initiation, drivers avoid transitions from low to high demands; however, they are not discouraged when driving demands are already elevated. Drivers adjust time-sharing behavior according to driving demands while performing secondary tasks. Nonetheless, such adjustment may be less effective when total demands are high.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study helps us to understand a driver\u2019s role as an active controller in the context of distracted driving and provides insights for developing distraction interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814542974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,8]],"date-time":"2014-08-08T02:23:28Z","timestamp":1407464608000},"page":"347-359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Reading Text While Driving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Yulan","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Horrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Deere (Deere & Company), Moline, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720814542974","volume-title":"Traffic safety factor: An examination of driver distraction as recorded in NHTSA databases","author":"Ascone D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.08.003"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809353319"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.11.003"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198105193700104"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.10.008"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.09.004"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720814542974","volume-title":"The impact of driver inattention on near-crash\/crask risk: An analysis using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data","author":"Klauer S. G.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720814542974","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Driver distraction: Theory, effects, and mitigation","author":"Lee J. D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720814542974","volume-title":"Task report: On-road study of willingness to engage in distraction tasks","author":"Lerner N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720814542974","volume-title":"Driver strategies for engaging in distractng tasks using in-vehicle technologies","author":"Lerner N.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.05.001"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720814542974","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2010). Distraction. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/Research\/Human+Factors\/Distraction"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720814542974","first-page":"15","volume":"195","author":"Senders J. W.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Highway Research Record"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130400029258"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720814542974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2009.10.008"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720814542974","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720814542974","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720814542974","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:50:42Z","timestamp":1777449042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720814542974"}},"subtitle":["Understanding Drivers\u2019 Strategic and Tactical Adaptation to Distraction"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720814542974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720814542974","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]}}}