{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:02:10Z","timestamp":1787018530414,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study measured the effectiveness of a parking sensor system, a rearview camera, and a sensor system combined with a camera for preventing a collision with a stationary or moving child-size object in the path of a backing vehicle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An estimated 15,000 people are injured and 210 are killed every year in backover crashes involving light vehicles. Cameras and sensor systems may help prevent these crashes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample included 111 drivers (55 men, 56 women), including 16 in the no-technology condition, 32 in the sensor condition, 32 in the camera condition, and 31 in the camera-plus-sensor condition. A stationary or moving child-size object was surreptitiously deployed in the path of participants backing out of a parking stall.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significantly smaller proportion of participants in the camera condition hit the stationary object compared with participants in the no-technology condition; however, this benefit was greatly reduced when the stationary object was partially or completely in the shade. Significantly fewer participants hit the moving object than the stationary object. The percentage of participants in the sensor, camera, and camera-plus-sensor conditions who hit the moving object was not different from the no-technology condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The camera was the only technology that was effective for preventing collisions with the stationary object. The variation in collision outcomes between the stationary- and moving-object conditions illustrates how the effectiveness of these technologies is dependent on the backing situation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research can help the selection and development of countermeasures to prevent backovers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814553028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T05:11:16Z","timestamp":1412226676000},"page":"689-700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Effectiveness of a Rearview Camera and Parking Sensor System Alone and Combined for Preventing a Collision With an Unexpected Stationary or Moving Object"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"David G.","family":"Kidd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradly K.","family":"Hagoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Research, Inc., Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tia G.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Research, Inc., Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean P.","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Research, Inc., Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925269"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613504966"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089103300206"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120504900359"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181312561471"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2009.021535"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Road vehicles: Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems. Occlusion method to assess visual demand due to the use of in-vehicle systems","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.01.006"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-0287"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720053653901"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-01-0549"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007779598145"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Drivers\u2019 use of rearview video and sensor-based backing aid systems in a non-laboratory setting","author":"Mazzae E. N.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Rearview video system use by drivers of a sedan in an unexpected obstacle event","author":"Mazzae E. N.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720814553028","volume-title":"On-road study of drivers\u2019 use of rearview video systems (ORSDURVS)","author":"Mazzae E. N.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Experimental evaluation of the performance of available backover prevention technologies","author":"Mazzae E. N.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles","author":"McLaughlin S. B.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Final regulatory impact analysis: Backover crash avoidance technologies FMVSS No. 111","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720814553028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<873::AID-SIM779>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Advanced Crash Avoidance Technologies (ACAT) Program: Final report of the GM-VTTI backing crash countermeasures project","author":"Perez M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720814553028","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Advances in traffic psychology","author":"Rudin-Brown C. M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720814553028","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick B. G.","year":"2007","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720814553028","volume-title":"The measure of man and woman: Human factors in design","author":"Tilley A. 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