{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:51:46Z","timestamp":1777668706702,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of key gap (distance between edges of keys) on computer keyboards on typing speed, percentage error, preference, and usability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Parts 1 and 2 of this series, a small key pitch (center-to-center distance between keys) was found to reduce productivity and usability, but the findings were confounded by gap. In this study, key gap was varied while holding key pitch constant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants ( N = 25) typed on six keyboards, which differed in gap between keys (1, 3, or 5 mm) and pitch (16 or 17 mm; distance between centers of keys), while typing speed, accuracy, usability, and preference were measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no statistical interaction between gap and pitch. Accuracy was better for keyboards with a gap of 5 mm compared to a 1-mm gap ( p = .04). Net typing speed ( p = .02), accuracy ( p = .002), and most usability measures were better for keyboards with a pitch of 17 mm compared to a 16-mm pitch.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings support keyboard designs with a gap between keys of 5 mm over 1 mm and a key pitch of 17 mm over 16 mm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Applications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings may influence keyboard standards and design, especially the design of small keyboards used with portable devices, such as tablets and laptops.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815587423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T22:45:53Z","timestamp":1432334753000},"page":"1188-1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mind the Gap"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Madison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Korsh\u00f8j","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rempel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720815587423","volume-title":"ANSI\/HFES100-2007: Human factors engineering of computer workstations","author":"American National Standards Institute","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720815587423","volume-title":"Hand anthropometry of U.S. army personnel","author":"Greiner T.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720815587423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449298708901839"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720815587423","volume-title":"Ergonomics of human\u2013system interaction: Part 410. Design criteria for physical input devices","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720815587423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813502524"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720815587423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812465005"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720815587423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X312215"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720815587423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2006.05.001"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720815587423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2114\/ahs.14.287"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720815587423","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720815587423","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720815587423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:50:54Z","timestamp":1777449054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720815587423"}},"subtitle":["The Effect of Keyboard Key Gap and Pitch on Typing Speed, Accuracy, and Usability, Part 3"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720815587423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720815587423","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]}}}