{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:11:29Z","timestamp":1785553889243,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,3]],"date-time":"2015-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied the utility of occlusion distance as a function of task-relevant event density in realistic traffic scenarios with self-controlled speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The visual occlusion technique is an established method for assessing visual demands of driving. However, occlusion time is not a highly informative measure of environmental task-relevant event density in self-paced driving scenarios because it partials out the effects of changes in driving speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-determined occlusion times and distances of 97 drivers with varying backgrounds were analyzed in driving scenarios simulating real Finnish suburban and highway traffic environments with self-determined vehicle speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occlusion distances varied systematically with the expected environmental demands of the manipulated driving scenarios whereas the distributions of occlusion times remained more static across the scenarios. Systematic individual differences in the preferred occlusion distances were observed. More experienced drivers achieved better lane-keeping accuracy than inexperienced drivers with similar occlusion distances; however, driving experience was unexpectedly not a major factor for the preferred occlusion distances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occlusion distance seems to be an informative measure for assessing task-relevant event density in realistic traffic scenarios with self-controlled speed. Occlusion time measures the visual demand of driving as the task-relevant event rate in time intervals, whereas occlusion distance measures the experienced task-relevant event density in distance intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings can be utilized in context-aware distraction mitigation systems, human\u2013automated vehicle interaction, road speed prediction and design, as well as in the testing of visual in-vehicle tasks for inappropriate in-vehicle glancing behaviors in any dynamic traffic scenario for which appropriate individual occlusion distances can be defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815595901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,3]],"date-time":"2015-08-03T22:20:09Z","timestamp":1438640409000},"page":"163-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Attentional Demand of Automobile Driving                     Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Tuomo","family":"Kujala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakke","family":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilkka","family":"Kotilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Tokkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571420"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720815595901","unstructured":"Finnish Transport Agency. (2013). Tien\n                        suuntauksen suunnittelu (Liikenneviraston ohjeita 30\/2013) [Road\n                    design (Instructions of the Finnish Transport Agency 30\/2013)]. Retrieved from\n                        http:\/\/www2.liikennevirasto.fi\/julkaisut\/pdf3\/lo_2013-30_tien_suuntauksen_suunnittelu.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.11.003"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2013.49102"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.12.2.67"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.739205"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812446965"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087001200112"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087201400405"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(74)90003-7"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720815595901","volume-title":"Visual-manual NHTSA driver distraction guidelines for in-vehicle electronic devices","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(02)00010-4"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.04.008"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006777724417"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720815595901","first-page":"15","volume":"195","author":"Senders J. W.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Highway Research Record"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138808966694"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-618-6_11"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778701944"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.9.3.427"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720815595901","volume-title":"Design speed, operating speed, and posted speed practices","author":"Transportation Research Board","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720815595901","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Vision in Vehicles 8 Conference","author":"Tsimhoni O.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120104502305"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720815595901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(02)00008-6"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720815595901","volume-title":"Pilot task management: Testing an attentional expected value model of visual scanning","author":"Wickens C. D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720815595901","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Vision in vehicles IV","author":"Wierwille W. 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