{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T01:16:13Z","timestamp":1778030173120,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the effect of work surface angle and input hardware on\n                        upper-limb posture when using a hybrid computer workstation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Offices use sit-stand and\/or tablet workstations to increase worker mobility.\n                        These workstations may have negative effects on upper-limb joints by\n                        increasing time spent in non-neutral postures, but a hybrid standing\n                        workstation may improve working postures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen participants completed office tasks in four workstation\n                        configurations: a horizontal or sloped 15\u00b0 working surface with computer or\n                        tablet hardware. Three-dimensional right upper-limb postures were recorded\n                        during three tasks: reading, form filling, and writing e-mails. Amplitude\n                        probability distribution functions determined the median and range of\n                        upper-limb postures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sloped-surface tablet workstation decreased wrist ulnar deviation by 5\u00b0\n                        when compared to the horizontal-surface computer when reading. When using\n                        computer input devices (keyboard and mouse), the shoulder, elbow, and wrist\n                        were closest to neutral joint postures when working on a horizontal work\n                        surface. The elbow was 23\u00b0 and 15\u00b0 more extended, whereas the wrist was 6\u00b0\n                        less ulnar deviated, when reading compared to typing forms or e-mails.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recommend that the horizontal-surface computer configuration be used for\n                        typing and the sloped-surface tablet configuration be used for intermittent\n                        reading tasks in this hybrid workstation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Offices with mobile employees could use this workstation for alternating\n                        their upper-extremity postures; however, other aspects of the device need\n                        further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815607317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T23:23:52Z","timestamp":1443655432000},"page":"107-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Influence of Input Hardware and Work Surface Angle on Upper Limb                    Posture in a Hybrid Computer Workstation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"David C.","family":"Kingston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}]},{"given":"Maureen F.","family":"Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}]},{"given":"Colin D.","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin M.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arkansas, Fayetteville"}]},{"given":"Jack P.","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders and the\n                        workplace: Low back and upper extremities","author":"An K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"An K., Adams M., Baldwin M., Bongers P., Brisby H., Berdorf A. (2001). Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: Low back and upper extremities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.14.1854-a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2011.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.657692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","volume-title":"CSA-Z412-00:\n                        Guidelines on office ergonomics","author":"CSA International","year":"2011","unstructured":"CSA International. (2011). CSA-Z412-00: Guidelines on office ergonomics. Toronto, Canada: Author."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Errico A. Caputo P. Falcone U. Fubini L. Gilardi L. Mamo C. . . . Coffano E. (2010). Risk factors for upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms among call center employees. Journal of Occupational Health 52 115\u2013124. 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