{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:52:43Z","timestamp":1792183963889,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,21]],"date-time":"2015-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We review historical and more recent efforts in boredom research and related fields. A framework is presented that organizes the various facets of boredom, particularly in supervisory control settings, and research gaps and future potential areas for study are highlighted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the ubiquity of boredom across a wide spectrum of work environments\u2014exacerbated by increasingly automated systems that remove humans from direct, physical system interaction and possibly increasing tedium in the workplace\u2014there is a need not only to better understand the multiple facets of boredom in work environments but to develop targeted mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To better understand the relationships between the various influences and outcomes of boredom, a systems-based framework, called the Boredom Influence Diagram, is proposed that describes various elements of boredom and their interrelationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Boredom is closely related to vigilance, attention management, and task performance. This review highlights the need to develop more naturalistic experiments that reflect the characteristics of a boring work environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the increase in automation, boredom in the workplace will likely become a more prevalent issue for motivation and retention. In addition, developing continuous measures of boredom based on physiological signals is critical.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personnel selection and improvements in system and task design can potentially mitigate boredom. However, more work is needed to develop and evaluate other potential interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815609503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,21]],"date-time":"2015-10-21T23:28:50Z","timestamp":1445470130000},"page":"279-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Boredom in the Workplace"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris M.","family":"Thornburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Coast Guard, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00420.x"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(77)90015-6"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557230"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1990.71.3.963"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/106480410X12737888532688"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868306294907"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810391215"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cplx.21391"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2009.07.010"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(83)90046-8"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639608408307"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720815609503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VS-GAMES.2013.6624228"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720815609503","volume-title":"Boredom and other factors in the physiology of mental effort: An exploratory study","author":"Barmack J. 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