{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:50:59Z","timestamp":1779879059072,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]],"date-time":"2016-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated how increases in task-relevant information affect human decision-making performance, situation awareness (SA), and trust in a simulated command-and-control (C2) environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased information is often associated with an improvement of SA and decision-making performance in networked organizations. However, previous research suggests that increasing information without considering the task relevance and the presentation can impair performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a simulated C2 task across two experiments. Experiment 1 varied the information volume provided to individual participants and measured the speed and accuracy of decision making for task performance. Experiment 2 varied information volume and information reliability provided to two participants acting in different roles and assessed decision-making performance, SA, and trust between the paired participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both experiments, increased task-relevant information volume did not improve task performance. In Experiment 2, increased task-relevant information volume reduced self-reported SA and trust, and incorrect source reliability information led to poorer task performance and SA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results indicate that increasing the volume of information, even when it is accurate and task relevant, is not necessarily beneficial to decision-making performance. Moreover, it may even be detrimental to SA and trust among team members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the high volume of available and shared information and the safety-critical and time-sensitive nature of many decisions, these results have implications for training and system design in C2 domains. To avoid decrements to SA, interpersonal trust, and decision-making performance, information presentation within C2 systems must reflect human cognitive processing limits and capabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815619515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]],"date-time":"2016-01-28T23:49:35Z","timestamp":1454024975000},"page":"301-321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Effects of Information Availability on Command-and-Control Decision Making"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Laura R.","family":"Marusich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Z.","family":"Bakdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emrah","family":"Onal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SA Technologies, Inc., Marietta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"O\u2019Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"H\u00f6llerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Barbara"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbou","family":"Buchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleotilde","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Network centric operations conceptual framework version 2.0","author":"Alberts D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1996.0007"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720815619515","unstructured":"Bakdash J. Z. (2012). The human dimension of network enabled operations: Cognitive performance in mission command. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Technology Alliance. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usukita.org\/sites\/default\/files\/P4_jbakdash_human_dimension_cognitive_performance.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakdash J. Z., Pizzocaro D., Preece A. (2013). Human factors in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance: Gaps for soldiers and technology recommendations. In Military Communications Conference, MILCOM 2013 (pp. 1900\u20131905). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/cgi-bin\/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA608006","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2013.320"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720815619515","first-page":"53","volume":"78","author":"Bateman R. L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Military Review"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 13th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS)","author":"Bowman E. K.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-3682(90)90033-Q"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720815619515","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Current issues in individual and group decision making","author":"Cannon-Bowers J. A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720815619515","volume-title":"The information age: Economy, society and culture. Vol. 1: The rise of the network society","author":"Castells M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Avoiding information overload through the understanding of OODA loops, a cognitive hierarchy and object-oriented analysis and design","author":"Curts R. J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720815619515","volume-title":"MIL-STD-2525C: Common warfighting symbology. U.S. Department of Defense interface standard","author":"Department of Defense","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720815619515","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security. (2013). DHS information sharing and safeguarding strategy. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/12-4466-dhs-information-sharing-and-safeguarding-strategy-01-30-13\u2013fina%20%20%20.pdf"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Advanced C4I and operational decision making: Panacea or Pandora\u2019s box?","author":"Eagen M. M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.100.3.649-658"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128803200221"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049499"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12461"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Information gathering and decisionmaking under stress","author":"Entin E. E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720815619515","volume-title":"NextGen implementation plan","author":"Federal Aviation Administration","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 1997 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium","author":"Freeman J. T.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720815619515","first-page":"825","volume-title":"The visual neuroscience","author":"Geisler W. S.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1654.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720815619515","volume-title":"The information: A history, a theory, a flood","author":"Gleick J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.1.75"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.3.449.50395"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2004.11.002"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720053653767"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600612788"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2007.01.003"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343412440696"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Thinking, fast and slow","author":"Kahneman D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496410397617"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1810","volume":"27","author":"Martin J. M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA399408"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258792"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Human performance, situation awareness and automation: User centered design for the new millennium","author":"McGuinness B.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.38.4.379"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/155534309X474460"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720815619515","volume-title":"The design of everyday things","author":"Norman D.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007779598082"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/155534309X474497"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10278-008"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720815619515","volume-title":"Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for general causal inference","author":"Shadish W. R.","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr47-0018720815619515","first-page":"161","volume":"1","author":"Simon H. A.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Decision and Organization"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720815619515","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Human factors in simulation and training","author":"Strater L. D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA393977"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120404800384"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720815619515","unstructured":"Wilson C. (2007). Network centric operations: Background and oversight issues for congress. Retrieved from http:\/\/oai.dtic.mil\/oai\/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA466624"},{"key":"bibr52-0018720815619515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s101110200002"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720815619515","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720815619515","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720815619515","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:51:02Z","timestamp":1777449062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720815619515"}},"subtitle":["Performance, Trust, and Situation Awareness"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720815619515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720815619515","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]]}}}