{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:13:14Z","timestamp":1790709194616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to validate the strategic task overload management (STOM) model that predicts task switching when concurrence is impossible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The STOM model predicts that in overload, tasks will be switched to, to the extent that they are attractive on task attributes of high priority, interest, and salience and low difficulty. But more-difficult tasks are less likely to be switched away from once they are being performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Experiment 1, participants performed four tasks of the Multi-Attribute Task Battery and provided task-switching data to inform the role of difficulty and priority. In Experiment 2, participants concurrently performed an environmental control task and a robotic arm simulation. Workload was varied by automation of arm movement and both the phases of environmental control and existence of decision support for fault management. Attention to the two tasks was measured using a head tracker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experiment 1 revealed the lack of influence of task priority and confirmed the differing roles of task difficulty. In Experiment 2, the percentage attention allocation across the eight conditions was predicted by the STOM model when participants rated the four attributes. Model predictions were compared against empirical data and accounted for over 95% of variance in task allocation. More-difficult tasks were performed longer than easier tasks. Task priority does not influence allocation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The multiattribute decision model provided a good fit to the data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Applications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The STOM model is useful for predicting cognitive tunneling given that human-in-the-loop simulation is time-consuming and expensive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815622761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T21:13:44Z","timestamp":1452892424000},"page":"322-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Time Sharing Between Robotics and Process Control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Christopher Dow","family":"Wickens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alion Science and Technology, Boulder, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Gutzwiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Vieane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Clegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelia","family":"Sebok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alion Science and Technology, Boulder, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jess","family":"Janes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2601_2"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00728.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811418635"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/155723410X12849346788705"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720815622761","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd NASA International Workshop on Planning and Scheduling in Space","author":"Freed M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(89)90007-3"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720815622761","unstructured":"Gutzwiller R. S. (2014). Switch choice in applied multi-task management (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Colorado State University, Fort Collins."},{"key":"bibr8-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581179"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1303_01"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006776412135"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2010.01124.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720815622761","volume-title":"Thinking fast and slow","author":"Kahneman D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813504216"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.6.3.222"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020198"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2004.09.005"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343411433844"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720815622761","first-page":"40.1","volume-title":"Handbook of perception and performance","volume":"2","author":"Moray N.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089103300602"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814522830"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720815622761","volume-title":"The multi-tasking myth","author":"Loukopolis L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813476298"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720815622761","first-page":"254","volume":"86","author":"Navon D.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720815622761","volume-title":"The psychology of attention","author":"Pashler H.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.136.3.370"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0403_2"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199757183.013.0004"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753340"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2011.01134.x"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720815622761","volume-title":"The Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (MATB-II) software for human performance and workload research: A user\u2019s guide","author":"Santiago-Espada Y.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129604000422"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720815622761","unstructured":"Sebok A., Wickens C. D., Sargent R., Clegg B. A., Jones T. (2015). Space Performance Research Integration Tool (S-PRINT): Development and validation of a model-based tool to predict, evaluate and mitigate excessive workload effects. Final Report provided to the NASA Human Research Program under Grant NNX12AE69G."},{"key":"bibr33-0018720815622761","unstructured":"Sebok A., Wickens C. D., Sarter N., Li H., Gore B., Hooey B., Gacy M., Brehon M. (2013). Space human factors and habitability: MIDAS FAST. Development and validation of a tool to support function allocation. Final report provided to the NASA Human Research Program under Grant NNX09AM81G."},{"key":"bibr34-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1970.300289"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720815622761","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Attention: From theory to practice","author":"Sheridan T. B.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2006.01.007"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720815622761","volume-title":"Reviews of human factors and ergonomics","volume":"3","author":"Trafton J. G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1980.4308481"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814558419"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511973017.046"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508410902766549"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815581940"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.3.360.27250"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickens C. D., Gutzwiller R. S., Santamaria A. (2015). Discrete task switching in overload: A meta-analysis and a model. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 79, 79\u201384. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.01.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.01.002"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720815622761","volume-title":"Engineering psychology and human performance","author":"Wickens C. D.","year":"2000","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720815622761","volume-title":"Applied attention theory","author":"Wickens C. D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571167"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720815622761","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Advances in aviation psychology","volume":"1","author":"Wickens C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720815622761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814566454"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720815622761","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720815622761","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720815622761","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:51:03Z","timestamp":1777449063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720815622761"}},"subtitle":["Validating a Model of Attention Switching"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720815622761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720815622761","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]}}}