{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:25:22Z","timestamp":1792905922611,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of practice and training on fine-motor flying skills during a manual instrument landing system (ILS) approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is an ongoing debate that manual flying skills of long-haul crews suffer from a lack of flight practice due to conducting only a few flights per month and the intensive use of automation. However, objective evidence is rare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred twenty-six randomly selected airline pilots had to perform a manual flight scenario with a raw data precision approach. Pilots were assigned to four equal groups according to their level of practice and training by fleet (short-haul, long-haul) and rank (first officer, captain).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Average ILS deviation scores differed significantly in relation to the group assignments. The strongest predictor variable was fleet, indicating degraded performance among long-haul pilots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Manual flying skills are subject to erosion due to a lack of practice on long-haul fleets: All results support the conclusion that recent flight practice is a significantly stronger predictor for fine-motor flying performance than the time period since flight school or even the total or type-specific flight experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-haul crews have to be supported in a timely manner by adequate training tailored to address manual skills or by operational provisions like mixed-fleet flying or more frequent transitions between short-haul and long-haul operation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816640394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T00:09:19Z","timestamp":1460592559000},"page":"533-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Flying the Needles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Haslbeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Juergen","family":"Hoermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720816640394","unstructured":"Airbus SAS. (2016). Fly-by-wire. 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Ashgate studies in human factors for flight operations","author":"Dismukes K.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr10-0018720816640394","first-page":"33","volume":"2008","author":"Drappier J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Flight Comment"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720816640394","unstructured":"Ebbatson M. (2009). The loss of manual flying skills in pilots of highly automated airliners (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Cranfield University, Cranfield."},{"key":"bibr12-0018720816640394","volume-title":"EASA automation policy: Bridging design and training principles","author":"European Aviation Safety Agency","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720816640394","volume":"54","author":"European Union","year":"2011","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720816640394","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179408923072"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720816640394","volume-title":"Operational use of flight path management systems: Final report of the performance-based operations aviation rulemaking committee","author":"Federal Aviation Administration","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720816640394","volume-title":"Safety alert for operators","author":"Federal Aviation Administration","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720816640394","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Acquisition of skill","author":"Fleishman E. 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