{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:53:06Z","timestamp":1777668786770,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]],"date-time":"2016-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide a review of sustainable sizing practices that reduce waste, increase sales, and simultaneously produce safer, better fitting, accommodating products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sustainable sizing involves a set of methods good for both the environment (sustainable environment) and business (sustainable business). Sustainable sizing methods reduce (1) materials used, (2) the number of sizes or adjustments, and (3) the amount of product unsold or marked down for sale. This reduces waste and cost. The methods can also increase sales by fitting more people in the target market and produce happier, loyal customers with better fitting products. This is a mini-review of methods that result in more sustainable sizing practices. It also reviews and contrasts current statistical and modeling practices that lead to poor fit and sizing. Fit-mapping and the use of cases are two excellent methods suited for creating sustainable sizing, when real people (vs. virtual people) are used. These methods are described and reviewed. Evidence presented supports the view that virtual fitting with simulated people and products is not yet effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fit-mapping and cases with real people and actual products result in good design and products that are fit for person, fit for purpose, with good accommodation and comfortable, optimized sizing. While virtual models have been shown to be ineffective for predicting or representing fit, there is an opportunity to improve them by adding fit-mapping data to the models. This will require saving fit data, product data, anthropometry, and demographics in a standardized manner. For this success to extend to the wider design community, the development of a standardized method of data collection for fit-mapping with a globally shared fit-map database is needed. It will enable the world community to build knowledge of fit and accommodation and generate effective virtual fitting for the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A standardized method of data collection that tests products\u2019 fit methodically and quantitatively will increase our predictive power to determine fit and accommodation, thereby facilitating improved, effective design. These methods apply to all products people wear, use, or occupy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816649091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]],"date-time":"2016-05-27T00:14:55Z","timestamp":1464308095000},"page":"657-664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sustainable Sizing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Robinette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State University, Stillwater"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Veitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, the\r                        Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720816649091","unstructured":"Bates A., Jensen K. (2014). Grading beehive example.                     Retrieved from http:\/\/www.astm.org\/COMMITTEE\/D13.htm"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720816649091","volume-title":"CADRE: A family of manikins for workstation design","author":"Bittner A. C.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720816649091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackwell S., Robinette K., Daanen H., Boehmer M., Fleming S., Kelly S. Burnsides D. (2002). Civilian American and European                         Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR), final report, Volume II:                         Descriptions (AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2002-0173). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/get-tr-doc\/pdf?AD=ADA408374","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA406704"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720816649091","unstructured":"Blender 2.75. (2015). Retrieved from blender.org"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720816649091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi H. J., Zehner G. F., Hudson J. A. (2010). A manual for the performance of                         protective equipment fit-mapping (AFRL-RH-WP-SR-2010-0005).                     Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/docs\/citations\/ADA519894","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA519894"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720816649091","unstructured":"Harrison C. R., Robinette K. M. (2006). Principles of fit to optimize                         helmet sizing. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/docs\/citations\/ADA460142"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720816649091","volume-title":"Guidelines for using anthropometric data in product design","author":"Human Factors and Ergonomics Society HFES 300 Committee","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720816649091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA231463"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720816649091","volume-title":"On the creation of 3D libraries for F-16 pilots in their crew station: Method development, library creation and validation","author":"Oudenhuijzen A. J. K.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720816649091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118131350.ch11"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720816649091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinette K., Blackwell S., Daanen H., Fleming, Boehmer M., Brill T. Burnsides D. (2002). Civilian American and European                         Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR), final report, Volume I:                         Summary (AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2002-0169). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/docs\/citations\/ADA406704","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA406704"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720816649091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinette K. M., McConville J. T. (1982). An alternative to percentile                         models (1981 SAE Transactions, SAE Technical Paper 810217).                     Retrieved from http:\/\/papers.sae.org\/810217\/","DOI":"10.4271\/810217"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720816649091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinette K. M., Mellian S. A., Ervin K. A. (1991). Development of sizing systems for                         Navy women\u2019s uniforms (U). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/get-tr-doc\/pdf?AD=ADA232851","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA250071"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720816649091","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Handbook of standards and guidelines in ergonomics and human factors","author":"Seidl A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720816649091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887302X15592472"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720816649091","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Ergonomics-International Ergonomics Association (IEA)","author":"Veitch D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720816649091","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Ergonomics-International Ergonomics Association (IEA)","author":"Veitch D.","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr18-0018720816649091","first-page":"19","volume":"26","author":"Zehner G. 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