{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:33:04Z","timestamp":1781710384331,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PITN-GA-2013-605817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PITN-GA-2013-605817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to review existing research into driver control transitions and to determine the time it takes drivers to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in noncritical scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contemporary research has moved from an inclusive design approach to adhering only to mean\/median values when designing control transitions in automated driving. Research into control transitions in highly automated driving has focused on urgent scenarios where drivers are given a relatively short time span to respond to a request to resume manual control. We found a paucity in research into more frequent scenarios for control transitions, such as planned exits from highway systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-six drivers drove two scenarios with an automated driving feature activated. Drivers were asked to read a newspaper, or to monitor the system, and to relinquish, or resume, control from the automation when prompted by vehicle systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significantly longer control transition times were found between driving with and without secondary tasks. Control transition times were substantially longer than those reported in the peer-reviewed literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that drivers take longer to resume control when under no time pressure compared with that reported in the literature. Moreover, we found that drivers occupied by a secondary task exhibit larger variance and slower responses to requests to resume control. Workload scores implied optimal workload.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intra- and interindividual differences need to be accommodated by vehicle manufacturers and policy makers alike to ensure inclusive design of contemporary systems and safety during control transitions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816685832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]],"date-time":"2017-01-28T14:04:46Z","timestamp":1485612286000},"page":"689-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":575,"title":["Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neville A.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720816685832","unstructured":"Audi. (2014). Audi piloted driving. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.audi.com\/com\/brand\/en\/vorsprung_durch_technik\/content\/2014\/10\/piloted-driving.html"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(83)90046-8"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1005175"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.06.020"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Authority transition interface: A human machine interface for taking over control from a highly automated truck","author":"Belderbos C.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720816685832","unstructured":"BMW. (2013). ConnectedDrive. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bmw.co.uk\/en_GB\/topics\/ownership\/connecteddrive\/highly-automated-driving.html"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720816685832","first-page":"481","volume-title":"Advances in industrial ergonomics and safety I","author":"Byers J. C.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809337503"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Conference on Usability, Psychology, and Security","author":"Cranor L. F.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720816685832","first-page":"16","volume":"15","author":"Damb\u00f6ck D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tagung Fahrerassistenz"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720816685832","first-page":"8","volume":"1628","author":"Desmond P. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Performance, User Information, and Highway Design"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Transport Research Arena 5th Conference: Transport Solutions from Research to Deployment","author":"Dogan E.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185595"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07230-2_38"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference","author":"Eriksson A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Ergonomics and Human Factors 2016 Conference, Staverton Park","author":"Eriksson A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at Arbeit in komplexen Systemen\u2013Digital, vernetzt, human?! 62. Kongress der Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Arbeitswissenschaft","author":"Feldh\u00fctter A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10836"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571433"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816634226"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the FISITA 2014 World Automotive Congress","author":"Gold C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2007.11.008"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720816685832","unstructured":"Intelligent drive concept for new Mercedes-Benz GLC. (2015). Safecarnews.com. Retrieved from http:\/\/safecarnews.com\/intelligent-drive-concept-for-new-mercedes-benz-glc_ju6145\/"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680160304"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2015.7225893"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2277725"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.03.002"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15446\/dyna.v82n193.53496"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581351"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention","author":"Louw T.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17077\/drivingassessment.1570"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.513"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.788"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812442087"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720816685832","first-page":"1","volume":"26","author":"Merat N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2173-6_19"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.396"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089606380211"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics","author":"Naujoks F.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naujoks F., Nekum A. (2014). Timing of in-vehicle advisory warnings based on cooperative perception. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter Annual Meeting. Available from http:\/\/hfes-europe.org","DOI":"10.1524\/9783110344509.229"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Safe transitions to manual driving from faulty automated driving system","author":"Nilsson J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815612319"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2494873"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2003.08.002"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581434"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 17th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems","author":"Robinson T.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles","author":"SAE International","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.11.005"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X250674"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2010.08.016"},{"key":"bibr52-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(96)00067-7"},{"key":"bibr53-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130500252990"},{"key":"bibr54-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(97)00054-4"},{"key":"bibr55-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0503_5"},{"key":"bibr56-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.04.005"},{"key":"bibr57-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/STHF0203_2"},{"key":"bibr58-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2001.948631"},{"key":"bibr59-0018720816685832","unstructured":"United Nations. (1968). Convention on road traffic: Amendment 1. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unece.org\/fileadmin\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/crt1968e.pdf"},{"key":"bibr60-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2013.6728523"},{"key":"bibr61-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2004.06.003"},{"key":"bibr62-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2799250.2799268"},{"key":"bibr63-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Human factors in automotive engineering and technology","author":"Walker G. H.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr64-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles","author":"Willemsen D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr65-0018720816685832","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Fifth ERCIM Workshop on eMobility","author":"Wolterink W. K.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr66-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497709"},{"key":"bibr67-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600980789"},{"key":"bibr68-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.02.023"},{"key":"bibr69-0018720816685832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.04.002"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720816685832","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720816685832","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720816685832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:51:18Z","timestamp":1777449078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720816685832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720816685832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720816685832","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]]}}}