{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:25:11Z","timestamp":1770485111545,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p> As human factors and ergonomics (HF\/E) moves to embrace a greater systems perspective concerning human\u2013machine technologies, new and emergent properties, such as resilience, have arisen. Our objective here is to promote discussion as to how to measure this latter, complex phenomenon. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Resilience is now a much-referenced goal for technology and work system design. It subsumes the new movement of resilience engineering. As part of a broader systems approach to HF\/E, this concept requires both a definitive specification and an associated measurement methodology. Such an effort epitomizes our present work. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Using rational analytic and synthetic methods, we offer an approach to the measurement of resilience capacity. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We explicate how our proposed approach can be employed to compare resilience across multiple systems and domains, and emphasize avenues for its future development and validation. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Emerging concerns for the promise and potential of resilience and associated concepts, such as adaptability, are highlighted. Arguments skeptical of these emerging dimensions must be met with quantitative answers; we advance one approach here. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Robust and validated measures of resilience will enable coherent and rational discussions of complex emergent properties in macrocognitive system science. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816686248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T18:26:09Z","timestamp":1485887169000},"page":"564-581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Measuring Resilience"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720816686248","unstructured":"Alberts D. S. (2002). Information age transformation: Getting to a 2st century military. Washington, DC: Command and Control Research Program, Department of Defense. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dodccrp.org\/files\/Alberts_IAT.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Power to the edge: Command and control in the information age","author":"Alberts D. S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 8th International Meeting on Naturalistic Decision Making","author":"Anders S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Lessons of the phenomena of life common to animals and plants (1878)","author":"Bernard C.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.6.1189"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343414546220"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193212000-00028"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10690-005"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7304.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017328"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10749030802363863"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2010.06.025"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9556.003.0016","volume-title":"Evolution and the mechanisms of decision making","author":"Gluck K. A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08995600802554680"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","author":"Hancock P. A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.816375"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2016.1190035"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62312-2"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.17382"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106480460501300104"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088903100503"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0501_5"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343416652749"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720816686248","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Macrocognition metrics and scenarios: Design and evaluation for real-world teams","author":"Hoffman R. R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720816686248","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Macrocognition metrics and scenarios: Design and evaluation for real-world teams","author":"Hoffman R. R.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr26-0018720816686248","first-page":"3","volume":"57","author":"Hoffman R. R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2010.147"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/IKS-2012-0203"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Minding the weather: How expert forecasters think","author":"Hoffman R. R."},{"key":"bibr30-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220903386757"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.108"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2009.39"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Accelerated expertise: Training for high proficiency in a complex world","author":"Hoffman R. R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2011.97"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2005.18"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720816686248","volume-title":"The ETTO principle: Efficiency-thoroughness trade-off. Why things that go right sometimes go wrong","author":"Hollnagel E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Resilience engineering: Concepts and Precepts","author":"Hollnagel E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720816686248","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The changing nature of work performance: Implications for staffing, motivation and development","author":"Ilgen D. R.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000095"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816669271"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2014.100"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Seeing what others don\u2019t: The remarkable ways we gain insights","author":"Klein G.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2007.4338498"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2007.107"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720816686248","volume-title":"The power of intuition: How to use your gut feelings to make better decisions at work","author":"Klein G.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720816686248","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Naturalistic decision making and macrocognition","author":"Klein G.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.100"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.75"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2003.1200735"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2004.74"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2008.00114.x"},{"key":"bibr52-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Lost moon: The perilous journey of Apollo 13","author":"Lovell J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr53-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206308316061"},{"key":"bibr54-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Seminar at Naropa Institute Summer Session","author":"Maturana H.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr55-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Merriam-Webster\u2019s collegiate dictionary","author":"Merriam-Webster","year":"2003","edition":"11"},{"key":"bibr56-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810393505"},{"key":"bibr57-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.4.612"},{"key":"bibr58-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Team cognition","author":"Salas E.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr59-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09332480.2008.10722926"},{"key":"bibr60-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1993.10475938"},{"key":"bibr61-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2013.07.002"},{"key":"bibr62-0018720816686248","volume-title":"Plenary speech presented at the Conference on Engineering Cyber Physical Systems","author":"de Weck O.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr63-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.6178"},{"key":"bibr64-0018720816686248","first-page":"128","volume-title":"Mental models, tasks and errors","author":"Woods D. D.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr65-0018720816686248","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Woods D. D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr66-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2015.03.018"},{"key":"bibr67-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343416653562"},{"key":"bibr68-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods D. D. (2017). Reflections on the origins of cognitive systems engineering. Manuscript submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315572529-3"},{"key":"bibr69-0018720816686248","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Resilience engineering in practice","author":"Woods D. D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr70-0018720816686248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420005684"},{"key":"bibr71-0018720816686248","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Resilience engineering perspectives 1: Remaining sensitive to the possibility of failure","author":"Woods D. D.","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720816686248","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720816686248","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720816686248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:56:38Z","timestamp":1740790598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720816686248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720816686248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720816686248","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]}}}