{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:46:42Z","timestamp":1764784002642,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> These studies used threshold and slant-matching tasks to assess and quantitatively measure human perception of 3-D planar images viewed through a stereomicroscope. The results are intended for use in developing augmented-reality surgical aids. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Substantial research demonstrates that slant perception is performed with high accuracy from monocular and binocular cues, but less research concerns the effects of magnification. Viewing through a microscope affects the utility of monocular and stereo slant cues, but its impact is as yet unknown. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> Participants performed in a threshold slant-detection task and matched the slant of a tool to a surface. Different stimuli and monocular versus binocular viewing conditions were implemented to isolate stereo cues alone, stereo with perspective cues, accommodation cue only, and cues intrinsic to optical-coherence-tomography images. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> At magnification of 5x, slant thresholds with stimuli providing stereo cues approximated those reported for direct viewing, about 12\u00b0. Most participants (75%) who passed a stereoacuity pretest could match a tool to the slant of a surface viewed with stereo at 5x magnification, with mean compressive error of about 20% for optimized surfaces. Slant matching to optical coherence tomography images of the cornea viewed under the microscope was also demonstrated. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Despite the distortions and cue loss introduced by viewing under the stereomicroscope, most participants were able to detect and interact with slanted surfaces. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> The experiments demonstrated sensitivity to surface slant that supports the development of augmented-reality systems to aid microscope-aided surgery. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817722871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T20:38:41Z","timestamp":1501792721000},"page":"1128-1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Slant Perception Under Stereomicroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Horvath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}]},{"given":"Kori","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GE Global Research, Niskayuna, New York"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Galeotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberta L.","family":"Klatzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720817722871","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2016.11.003"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720817722871","first-page":"02","volume":"7625","author":"Galeotti J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging"},{"volume-title":"The perception of the visual world","year":"1950","author":"Gibson J. 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The hypothesis of psychophysical correspondence in space perception (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Cornell University, Ithaca, NY."},{"key":"bibr14-0018720817722871","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"Todd J. T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720817722871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/5.8.1","volume":"5","author":"Todd J. 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