{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:54:47Z","timestamp":1777668887819,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to model the egress of visitors from a Neolithic visitor attraction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tourism attracts increasing numbers of elderly and mobility-impaired visitors to our built-environment heritage sites. Some such sites have very limited and awkward access, were not designed for mass visitation, and may not be modifiable to facilitate disabled access. As a result, emergency evacuation planning must take cognizance of robust information, and in this study we aimed to establish the effect of visitor position on egress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Direct observation of three tours at Maeshowe, Orkney, informed typical time of able-bodied individuals and a mobility-impaired person through the 10-m access tunnel. This observation informed the design of egress and evacuation models running on the Unity gaming platform.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A slow-moving person at the observed speed typically increased time to safety of 20 people by 170% and reduced the advantage offered by closer tunnel separation by 26%. Using speeds for size-specific characters of 50th, 95th, and 99th percentiles increased time to safety in emergency evacuation by 51% compared with able-bodied individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Larger individuals may slow egress times of a group; however, a single slow-moving mobility-impaired person exerts a greater influence on group egress, profoundly influencing those behind.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unidirectional routes in historic buildings and other visitor attractions are vulnerable to slow-moving visitors during egress. The model presented in this study is scalable, is applicable to other buildings, and can be used as part of a risk assessment and emergency evacuation plan in future work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817729608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T11:15:21Z","timestamp":1505819721000},"page":"1222-1232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Effect of Person Order on Egress Time: A Simulation Model of Evacuation From a Neolithic Visitor Attraction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Arthur","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eyad","family":"Elyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"McEwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyn","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Historic Environment Scotland, The Engine Shed, Stirling, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720817729608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(01)00034-8"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720817729608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.05.009"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720817729608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720817729608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2013.09.010"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720817729608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31037-9_19"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720817729608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10442073070170040801"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720817729608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549715605363"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720817729608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.12.M780"},{"issue":"355","key":"bibr9-0018720817729608","volume-title":"Highway Research Record","author":"Fruin J. 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