{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:05:27Z","timestamp":1770707127968,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]],"date-time":"2017-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p> To determine whether inattentional blindness (IB) can be used to understand the psychological mechanisms around looked-but-failed-to-see (LBFTS) crashes involving motorcycles <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> IB occurs when an observer looks directly at an object yet fails to see it, thus LBFTS crashes may be a real-world example of IB. The study tests a perceptual cycle model in which motorcycles are detected less frequently because they fall lower on the attentional hierarchy for driving. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p> A driving-related IB task with photographs of driving situations investigated whether an additional stimulus, a taxi or motorcycle, would be more likely to be missed by participants. In Experiments 2 and 3, the \u201cthreat value\u201d of objects in the scene were varied to determine the degree to which this influences participants\u2019 tendency to notice motorcycles. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Participants were twice as likely to miss a motorcycle compared with a taxi. Moreover, participants reported that they would expect to miss a motorcycle on the road. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants modulated their attention to accommodate motorcycles when necessary, suggesting that motorcycles are afforded the lowest level of attentional bandwidth. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Inattentional blindness forms a good psychological framework for understanding LBFTS crashes, particularly in the context of attentional set, such that LBFTS crashes occur because motorcycles do not feature strongly in a typical driver\u2019s attentional set for driving. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The findings here are important because LBFTS crashes can be reduced if we can change the expectations of road users around the presence of motorcycles on the road. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817733901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]],"date-time":"2017-10-05T21:25:45Z","timestamp":1507238745000},"page":"5-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Allocating Attention to Detect Motorcycles: The Role of Inattentional Blindness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Kristen","family":"Pammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National University, Canberra"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Sabadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National University, Canberra"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Lentern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National University, Canberra"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720817733901","volume-title":"MAIDS, in-depth investigations of accidents involving powered two wheelers","author":"ACEM","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720817733901","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. 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