{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:41:41Z","timestamp":1772804501936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> We investigated the risk factors for falls when egressing from agricultural tractors, analyzing the role played by worked hours, work experience, operators\u2019 behavior, and near misses. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Many accidents occur within the agricultural sector each year. Among them, falls while dismounting the tractor represent a major source of injuries. Previous studies pointed out frequent hazardous movements and incorrect behaviors adopted by operators to exit the tractor cab. However, less is known about the determinants of such behaviors. In addition, near misses are known to be important predictors of accidents, but they have been under-investigated in the agricultural sector in general and as concerns falls in particular. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> A questionnaire assessing dismounting behaviors, previous accidents and near misses, and participants\u2019 relation with work was administered to a sample of Italian tractor operators ( n = 286). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> A mediated model showed that worked hours increase unsafe behaviors, whereas work experience decreases them. Unsafe behaviors in turn show a positive association with accidents, via the mediation of near misses. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> We gave a novel contribution to the knowledge of the chain of events leading to fall accidents in the agricultural sector, which is one of the most hazardous industries. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Applications<\/jats:title><jats:p> Besides tractor design improvements, preventive training interventions may focus on the redesign of the actual working strategies and the adoption of engaging training methods in the use of machinery to optimize the learning of safety practices and safe behaviors. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817738591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T20:29:44Z","timestamp":1509568184000},"page":"20-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Falls From Agricultural Machinery: Risk Factors Related to Work Experience, Worked Hours, and Operators\u2019 Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Caffaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines of the National Research Council of Italy, Torino"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Roccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Micheletti Cremasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Torino"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines of the National Research Council of Italy, Torino"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720817738591","volume-title":"Tractors for agriculture and forestry\u2014Safety\u2014Part 1: Standard tractors","author":"American National Standards Institute","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720817738591","unstructured":"Arbuckle J. L. (2014). Amos (Version 20.0) [Computer software]. Chicago, IL: IBM SPSS."},{"key":"bibr3-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.6.2.135"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720817738591","unstructured":"Baron S., Estill C., Steege A., Lalich N. (2001). Simple solutions: Ergonomics for farm workers (Report No. DHHS\/PUB\/NIOSH-2001-111). Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2001-111\/pdfs\/2001-111.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816671605"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720817738591","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017). Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/iif\/home.htm"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.059840"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/269241"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22347"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2015.08.008"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2017.1384420"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.06.003"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2014.05.012"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTPM.2015.069203"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720817738591","unstructured":"Council of the European Union. (1980). Council Directive 80\/720\/EEC of 24 June 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the operating space, access to the driving position and the doors and windows of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors. Retrieved from http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A31980L0720"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr17-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.16476","volume":"10","author":"Day L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10599240801985167"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2010.03.003"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00016-3"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.7.1.22"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370600879724"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2013.855690"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.08.014"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720817738591","volume-title":"Development of equipment for in-field recording of cab ingress\/egress behavior","author":"Grogran J. P.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8634(05)80016-2"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2015-041880"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720817738591","unstructured":"HSE. (2013). Using tractors safely. A step-by-step guide. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/pubns\/indg185.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720817738591","unstructured":"ILO. (2014). Agriculture; plantations; other rural sectors. Retrieved from http:\/\/ilo.org\/global\/industries-and-sectors\/agriculture-plantations-other-rural-sectors\/lang\u2013en\/index.htm"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720817738591","unstructured":"ILO. (2017). Safety and health at work. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/safety-and-health-at-work\/lang\u2013en\/index.htm"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720817738591","unstructured":"INAIL. (2015). Relazione audizione Commissione Agricoltura e Produzione Agroalimentare [Report to the Commission for Agriculture and Agri-food Production]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.senato.it\/application\/xmanager\/projects\/leg17\/attachments\/documento_evento_procedura_commissione\/files\/000\/002\/524\/INAIL.pdf"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720817738591","unstructured":"INEA. (2014). Italian agriculture in figures 2014. Retrieved from https:\/\/moodle2.units.it\/pluginfile.php\/107699\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Figures.pdf"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720817738591","volume-title":"Agricultural tractors\u2014Operator\u2019s workplace, access and exit\u2014Dimensions","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720817738591","volume-title":"Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment\u2014Safety signs and hazard pictorials\u2014General principles","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.39805"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2010.488618"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720817738591","volume-title":"Paper presented at the CSBE\/SCGAB Annual Conference, Saskatoon","author":"Kleban N.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720817738591","first-page":"141","volume":"17","author":"Kogler R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/1566-0974(200009)7:3;1-N;FT175"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(01)00066-2"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4375(02)00003-8"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2010.489466"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(92)90098-K"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7451\/CBE.2016.58.2.1"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812448474"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802277562"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.7.640"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4017\/gt.2011.10.01.002.00"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.37790","volume-title":"Self-reported tractor operator falls, ergonomics and musculoskeletal pain","author":"Merryweather A. S.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720817738591","unstructured":"National Safety Council. (2014). Near miss reporting systems. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nsc.org\/JSEWorkplaceDocuments\/How-To-Conduct-An-Incident-Investigation.PDF"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720817738591","unstructured":"NIOSH. (2010). Worker safety on the farm. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2010-137\/pdfs\/2010-137.pdf"},{"key":"bibr52-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199605)29:5<509::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"bibr53-0018720817738591","unstructured":"OSHA. (2015). Incident [accident] investigations: A guide for employers. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/dte\/IncInvGuide4Empl_Dec2015.pdf"},{"key":"bibr54-0018720817738591","unstructured":"Phimister J. R., Oktem U., Kleindorfer P. R., Kunreuther H. (2000). Near-miss system analysis: Phase I. Retrieved from http:\/\/opim.wharton.upenn.edu\/risk\/downloads\/wp\/nearmiss.pdf"},{"key":"bibr55-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-30105-4_6"},{"key":"bibr56-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.552"},{"key":"bibr57-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872000779656624"},{"key":"bibr58-0018720817738591","volume-title":"The underlying causes of falls from vehicles associated with slip and trip hazards on steps","author":"Scott A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr59-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.7.suppl_1.i3"},{"key":"bibr60-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2502_4"},{"key":"bibr61-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(01)00061-8"},{"key":"bibr62-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170"},{"key":"bibr63-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.19464"},{"key":"bibr64-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.02.049"},{"key":"bibr65-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2010.04.009"},{"key":"bibr66-0018720817738591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.02.009"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818771877","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523923200000}}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720817738591","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720817738591","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720817738591","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T11:36:55Z","timestamp":1740915415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720817738591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720817738591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720817738591","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/0018720818771877","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}}}