{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:28:45Z","timestamp":1773883725208,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> We sought to define and measure four types of perceived interruptions and to examine their relationships with stress outcomes. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Interruptions have been defined and measured in a variety of inconsistent ways. No study has simultaneously examined the subjective experience of all types of interruptions. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> First, we provide a synthesized definition and model of interruptions that aligns interruptions along two qualities: origin and degree of multitasking. Second, we create and validate a self-report measure of these four types of perceived interruptions within two samples (working undergraduate students and working engineers). Last, we correlate this measure with self-reported psychological and physical stress outcomes. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Our results support the four-factor model of interruptions. Results further support the link between each of the four types of interruptions (intrusions, breaks, distractions, and a specific type of ruminations, discrepancies) and stress outcomes. Specifically, results suggest that distractions explain a unique portion of variance in stress outcomes above and beyond the shared variance explained by intrusions, breaks, and discrepancies. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> The synthesized four-factor model of interruptions is an adequate representation of the overall construct of interruptions. Further, perceived interruptions can be measured and are significantly related to stress outcomes. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> Measuring interruptions by observation can be intrusive and resource intensive. Additionally, some types of interruptions may be internal and therefore unobservable. Our survey measure offers a practical alternative method for practitioners and researchers interested in the outcomes of interruptions, especially stress outcomes. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817738845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T18:55:59Z","timestamp":1510599359000},"page":"222-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Stress Outcomes of Four Types of Perceived Interruptions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Keaton A.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa"}]},{"given":"Britany N.","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00469.x"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720817738845","unstructured":"Coraggio L. (1990). Deleterious effects of intermittent interruptions on the task performance of knowledge workers: A laboratory investigation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona."},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr3-0018720817738845","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"Costello A. B.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985715"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700048017"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720817738845","volume-title":"In search of mindless work: Thoughts on job design and the rhythm of managerial thinking","author":"Elsbach K. D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1287"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(00)00019-3"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.04.005"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814531786"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720817738845","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Causes, coping and consequences of stress at work","author":"Frese M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/AMP.2011.63886528"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309260"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720817738845","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis. A global perspective","author":"Hair J. F.","year":"2010","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.10.001"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816683509"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397188396"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30040736"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2410010304"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006778606903"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2010-000024"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031637"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1054972.1055017"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357072"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2009.033282"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720817738845","volume-title":"The multitasking mind","author":"Salvucci D. D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-008-9624-7"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1999.tb01613.x"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.4.640.56806"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.5.2.219"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720817738845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006779166307"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720817738845","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720817738845","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720817738845","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T08:32:10Z","timestamp":1740904330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720817738845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720817738845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720817738845","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]}}}