{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T17:05:38Z","timestamp":1777827938778,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective was to develop an understanding, using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), of the factors that could cause a deer hunter to misidentify their intended target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hunting is a popular activity in many communities. However, hunters vary considerably based on training, experience, and expertise. Surprisingly, safety in hunting has not received much attention, especially failure-to-identify hunting incidents. These are incidents in which the hunter, after spotting and targeting their quarry, discharge their firearm only to discover they have been spotting and targeting another human, an inanimate object, or flora by mistake. The hunter must consider environment, target, time of day, weather, and many other factors\u2014continuously evaluating whether the hunt should continue. To understand how these factors can relate to one another is fundamental to begin to understand how incidents happen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Workshops with highly experienced and active hunters led to the development of a FRAM model detailing the functions of a \u201cHunting FRAM.\u201d The model was evaluated for correctness based on confidential and anonymous near-miss event submissions by hunters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A FRAM model presenting the functions of a hunt was produced, evaluated, and accepted. Using the model, potential sources of incidents or other unintended outcomes were identified, which in turn helped to improve the model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Utilizing principles of understanding and visualization tools of the FRAM, the findings create a foundation for safety improvements potentially through training or safety messages based on an increased understanding of the complexity of hunting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817743851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T09:59:37Z","timestamp":1516787977000},"page":"141-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["\u201cFailure-to-Identify\u201d Hunting Incidents: A Resilience Engineering Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Karl E.","family":"Bridges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern Denmark, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Corballis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"University of Southern Denmark, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Hollnagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern Denmark, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720817743851","unstructured":"Arms Code. (2013). Wellington, New Zeland: New Zealand Police."},{"key":"bibr2-0018720817743851","unstructured":"Bowhay. (2016, August 26). Forget calling: The strategy behind stalking elk. Retrieved August 2017 from http:\/\/www.bowhunter.com\/elk\/forget-calling-the-strategy-behind-stalking-elk\/"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720817743851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2011.05.009"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720817743851","volume-title":"Experimental evaluation of the combat identification process","author":"Famewo J. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720817743851","volume-title":"New Zealand firearms","author":"Forsyth C.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720817743851","unstructured":"FRAM Model Visualiser (FMV). (2016). The Functional Resonance Analysis Method \u2013 FRAM Model Visualiser (FMV). Retrieved June 2016 from http:\/\/functionalresonance.com\/FMV\/index.html"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720817743851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-014-0615-3"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720817743851","unstructured":"Generation Wild Admin. (2008, June 5). Hog hunting 101. Retrieved August 2017 from http:\/\/www.fieldandstream.com\/blogs\/generation-wild\/2008\/06\/hog-hunting-101"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720817743851","volume-title":"To hunt and return: Developing safe hunting practice","author":"Green J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720817743851","volume-title":"Barriers and accident prevention","author":"Hollnagel E.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720817743851","volume-title":"FRAM: The Functional Resonance Analysis Method","author":"Hollnagel E.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720817743851","volume-title":"Safety-I and Safety-II: The past and future of safety management","author":"Hollnagel E.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720817743851","unstructured":"Hollnagel E., Hounsgaard J., Colligan L. (2014). FRAM \u2013 The Functional Resonance Analysis Method \u2013 A handbook for the practical use of the method (1st ed.). Retrieved November 2016 from http:\/\/functionalresonance.com\/onewebmedia\/FRAM_handbook_web-2.pdf"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720817743851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/135532505X58062"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720817743851","unstructured":"International Hunter Education Association (IHEA). (2015). Incident reports. 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