{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:37:21Z","timestamp":1776094641237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>An up-to-date meta-analysis of experimental research on talking and driving is needed to provide a comprehensive, empirical, and credible basis for policy, legislation, countermeasures, and future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of cell, mobile, and smart phone use on driving safety continues to be a contentious societal issue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>All available studies that measured the effects of cell phone use on driving were identified through a variety of search methods and databases. A total of 93 studies containing 106 experiments met the inclusion criteria. Coded independent variables included conversation target (handheld, hands-free, and passenger), setting (laboratory, simulation, or on road), and conversation type (natural, cognitive task, and dialing). Coded dependent variables included reaction time, stimulus detection, lane positioning, speed, headway, eye movements, and collisions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall sample had 4,382 participants, with driver ages ranging from 14 to 84 years ( M = 25.5, SD = 5.2). Conversation on a handheld or hands-free phone resulted in performance costs when compared with baseline driving for reaction time, stimulus detection, and collisions. Passenger conversation had a similar pattern of effect sizes. Dialing while driving had large performance costs for many variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This meta-analysis found that cell phone and passenger conversation produced moderate performance costs. Drivers minimally compensated while conversing on a cell phone by increasing headway or reducing speed. A number of additional meta-analytic questions are discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results can be used to guide legislation, policy, countermeasures, and future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817748145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T21:55:11Z","timestamp":1516398911000},"page":"101-133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Does Talking on a Cell Phone, With a Passenger, or Dialing Affect Driving Performance? An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jeff K.","family":"Caird","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katelyn","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kate A.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Horrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, DC"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2011.02.004"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.12.021"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10836-6"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720817748145","first-page":"169","volume-title":"The handbook of teen and novice drivers: Research, practice, policy and directions","author":"Caird J. K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.06.005"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.01.009"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720817748145","unstructured":"Canadian Council on Motor Transport Administrators. (2014). Canadian fines and demerit points for: Hand-held cell phone or electronic communication device use\u2014August 2013. Retrieved from http:\/\/ccmta.ca\/images\/publications\/pdf\/\/Canadian-fines-and-demerit-points-cell-phones-ensligh.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.004"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.12.1578"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720817748145","first-page":"2354","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 50th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Meeting","author":"Chisholm S.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140131003672023"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140131003769092"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720817748145","first-page":"60","volume":"58","author":"Dingus T. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Advances of Automotive Medicine"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513271113"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013119"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2236-03"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2010.494191"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1019614"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1020422"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301750"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720817748145","volume-title":"The impact of hand-held and hands-free cell phone use on driving performance and safety-critical event risk","author":"Fitch G. M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.01.005"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.11.003"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2321-01"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i3507"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad7243"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/sthf0101_2"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.02.006"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Distracted driving: What research shows and what states can do","author":"Governors Highway Safety Association","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720817748145","unstructured":"Governors Highway Safety Association. (2017). Cell phone and texting laws. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ghsa.org\/html\/stateinfo\/laws\/cellphone_laws.html"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2390256.2390258"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr34-0018720817748145","first-page":"258","volume":"46","author":"Guo F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720817748145","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Driver distraction: Theory, effects, and mitigation","author":"Hancock P. A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720817748145","unstructured":"He J. (2012). Lane keeping under cognitive distractions: Performance and mechanisms (Unpublished dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."},{"key":"bibr37-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.12.017"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701318889"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006776412135"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2018-04"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2014.916797"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Road vehicles\u2014Measurement of driver visual behaviour with respect to transport information and control systems. Part 2: Equipment and procedures","author":"International Standards Organization","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Road vehicles\u2013Measurement of driver visual behavior with respect to transport information and control systems. Part 1: Definitions and parameters","author":"International Standards Organization","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Study on the regulator situation of member states regarding brought-in (i.e. nomadic) devices and their use in vehicles","author":"Janitzek T.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Mobile telephones and other communication devices and their impact on traffic safety: A review of the literature","author":"Kircher A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720817748145","volume-title":"The impact of driver inattention on near-crash\/crash risk: An analysis using the 100-car naturalistic study data","author":"Klauer S. G.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1204142"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Safe driving and the training of calibration","author":"Kuiken M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580600651103"},{"key":"bibr52-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580903515427"},{"key":"bibr53-0018720817748145","first-page":"99","volume":"58","author":"McCartt A. T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine"},{"key":"bibr54-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38537.397512.55"},{"key":"bibr55-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2173-6_19"},{"key":"bibr56-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"bibr57-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1992.10475839","volume":"46","author":"Moser B. K.","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Statistics"},{"key":"bibr58-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.5559"},{"key":"bibr59-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Visual-manual NHTSA driver distraction guidelines for in-vehicle electronic devices","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr60-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Traffic safety facts: Distracted driving 2013","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr61-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Crashes involving cell phones: Challenges of collecting and reporting reliable crash data","author":"National Safety Council","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr62-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Undercounted is underinvested: How incomplete crash reports impact efforts to save lives","author":"National Safety Council","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr63-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181311551399"},{"key":"bibr64-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4716"},{"key":"bibr65-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.03.010"},{"key":"bibr66-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.01.002"},{"key":"bibr67-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Driver electronic device use in 2015. Traffic safety facts: Research","author":"Pickrell T. M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr68-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1193"},{"key":"bibr69-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Driver distraction: A review of the current state-of-knowledge","author":"Ranney T. A.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr70-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.9.2.119"},{"key":"bibr71-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702133360701"},{"key":"bibr72-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2010.09.002"},{"key":"bibr73-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.59"},{"key":"bibr74-0018720817748145","volume-title":"The effects of secondary tasks on naturalistic driver performance","author":"Sayer J. R.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr75-0018720817748145","volume-title":"National survey on distracted driving attitudes and behaviors\u20142012","author":"Schroeder P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr76-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483398105"},{"key":"bibr77-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00179"},{"key":"bibr78-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.05.013"},{"key":"bibr79-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.11.015"},{"key":"bibr80-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.11.021"},{"key":"bibr81-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.04.014"},{"key":"bibr82-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Definition and measures related to the specification of driver behavior using video-based techniques","author":"Society of Automotive Engineers","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr83-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Operational definitions of driving performance measures and statistics","author":"Society of Automotive Engineers","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr84-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavrinos D., Jones J. L., Garner A. A., Griffin R., Franklin C. A., Ball D., Welburn S. C., Ball K. K., Sisiopiku V. P., Fine P. R. (2013). Impact of distracted driving on safety and traffic flow. Accident, Analysis and Prevention, 61, 63\u201370.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.02.003"},{"key":"bibr85-0018720817748145","unstructured":"Steel P. (2014). Meta-excel. Retrieved from https:\/\/d2l.ucalgary.ca\/d2l\/le\/content\/120793\/viewContent\/1830025\/View"},{"key":"bibr86-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.06.007"},{"key":"bibr87-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e363942004-001"},{"key":"bibr88-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778701944"},{"key":"bibr89-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.08.004"},{"key":"bibr90-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220412331298938"},{"key":"bibr91-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.05.003"},{"key":"bibr92-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.3.315"},{"key":"bibr93-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.01.002"},{"key":"bibr94-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2010.501834"},{"key":"bibr95-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2011.633235"},{"key":"bibr96-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/17978","volume-title":"Mobile phone use: A growing problem of driver distraction","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr97-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Global status report on road safety 2015","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr98-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.04.023"},{"key":"bibr99-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00026-V"},{"key":"bibr100-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120404801904"},{"key":"bibr101-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.05.001"},{"key":"bibr102-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810391215"},{"key":"bibr103-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.10.015"},{"key":"bibr104-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2009.08.007"},{"key":"bibr105-0018720817748145","first-page":"29","author":"Benedetto A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Transportation Studies, A26"},{"key":"bibr106-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712313491613"},{"key":"bibr107-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2011.02.004"},{"key":"bibr108-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2008.06.002"},{"key":"bibr109-0018720817748145","volume-title":"How dangerous is driving with a mobile phone? Benchmarking the impairment to alcohol","author":"Burns P. C.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr110-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571426"},{"key":"bibr111-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.10.006"},{"key":"bibr112-0018720817748145","first-page":"2354","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 50th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Meeting","author":"Chisholm S.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr113-0018720817748145","first-page":"2180","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting","author":"Chong I.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr114-0018720817748145","unstructured":"Cole K. (2010). Examining whether mental resource competition causes spatial cell phone conversations to impair driving (Unpublished PhD thesis). Texas Tech University, Lubbock."},{"key":"bibr115-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.01.007"},{"key":"bibr116-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00027-1"},{"key":"bibr117-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813480177"},{"key":"bibr118-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X374983"},{"key":"bibr119-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809337503"},{"key":"bibr120-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00083-5"},{"key":"bibr121-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2069-07"},{"key":"bibr122-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581462"},{"key":"bibr123-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013119"},{"key":"bibr124-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.08.008"},{"key":"bibr125-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.07.003"},{"key":"bibr126-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2917"},{"key":"bibr127-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571269"},{"key":"bibr128-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJVD.2001.001925"},{"key":"bibr129-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2003.12.002"},{"key":"bibr130-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581291"},{"key":"bibr131-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.08.013"},{"key":"bibr132-0018720817748145","unstructured":"He J. (2012). Lane keeping under cognitive distractions: Performance and mechanisms (Unpublished dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."},{"key":"bibr133-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813519265"},{"key":"bibr134-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.105.2.514-522"},{"key":"bibr135-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.09.007"},{"key":"bibr136-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.09.004"},{"key":"bibr137-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.10.011"},{"key":"bibr138-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701318889"},{"key":"bibr139-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712699161341"},{"key":"bibr140-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2005.00637.x"},{"key":"bibr141-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2000.90.3c.1130"},{"key":"bibr142-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0386-1112(14)60065-0"},{"key":"bibr143-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000020"},{"key":"bibr144-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.94.2.363"},{"key":"bibr145-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2006.12.002"},{"key":"bibr146-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Mobile telephone simulator study","author":"Kircher A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr147-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2014.10.002"},{"key":"bibr148-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1164"},{"key":"bibr149-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-012-0518-1"},{"key":"bibr150-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1899-15"},{"key":"bibr151-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00018-4"},{"key":"bibr152-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2012.683118"},{"key":"bibr153-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571418"},{"key":"bibr154-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.103.3.803-810"},{"key":"bibr155-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2005.10.021"},{"key":"bibr156-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.05.007"},{"key":"bibr157-0018720817748145","unstructured":"MacKenzie K. J. (2011). An examination of the effects of videophones on driving and conversation performance (Unpublished MA thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand."},{"key":"bibr158-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.3.424.50394"},{"key":"bibr159-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.4.674.56817"},{"key":"bibr160-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809333517"},{"key":"bibr161-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Driving simulator evaluation of driver performance during hands-free cell phone operation in a work zone: Driving without a clue","author":"Muttart J. W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr162-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.322"},{"key":"bibr163-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181312561415"},{"key":"bibr164-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581432"},{"key":"bibr165-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First Human-Centered Transportation Simulation Conference","author":"Parkes A. M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr166-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00014-9"},{"key":"bibr167-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.06.009"},{"key":"bibr168-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e563352012-001"},{"key":"bibr169-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e729352011-001"},{"key":"bibr170-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.6.1.31"},{"key":"bibr171-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.9.2.119"},{"key":"bibr172-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2010.09.002"},{"key":"bibr173-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.06.021"},{"key":"bibr174-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812437274"},{"key":"bibr175-0018720817748145","volume-title":"Mitigating cell phone-induced distraction","author":"Rubins T.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr176-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0417(01)00048-1"},{"key":"bibr177-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1054972.1055050"},{"key":"bibr178-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605002202"},{"key":"bibr179-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120404801932"},{"key":"bibr180-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.09.007"},{"key":"bibr181-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2015.04.006"},{"key":"bibr182-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.02.003"},{"key":"bibr183-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.4.640.56806"},{"key":"bibr184-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.9.1.23"},{"key":"bibr185-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815575149"},{"key":"bibr186-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120905302301"},{"key":"bibr187-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120805202316"},{"key":"bibr188-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1724-01"},{"key":"bibr189-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.03.017"},{"key":"bibr190-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0386-1112(14)60066-2"},{"key":"bibr191-0018720817748145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120504902224"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720817748145","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720817748145","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720817748145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T23:05:09Z","timestamp":1751238309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720817748145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720817748145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720817748145","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]}}}