{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:58:49Z","timestamp":1774943929283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> The aim of this study was to determine control\/display stereotypes for children of a range of ages and development of these stereotypes with age. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Little is known about control\/display stereotypes for children of different ages and the way in which these stereotypes develop with age. This study is part of a program to determine the need to design differentially for these age groups. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> We tested four groups of children with various tasks (age groups 5 to 7, 8 to 10, 11 to 13, 14 to 16), with about 30 in each group. Examples of common tasks were opening a bottle, turning on taps, and allocating numbers to keypads. More complex tasks involved rotating a control to move a display in a requested direction. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Tasks with which different age groups were familiar showed no effect of age group. Different control\/display arrangements generally showed an increase in stereotype strength with age, with dependence on the form of the control\/display arrangement. Two-dimensional arrangements, with the control on the same plane as the display, had higher stereotype strength than three-dimensional arrangements for all age groups, suggesting an effect of familiarity with controls and displays with increasing age. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Children\u2019s control\/display stereotypes do not differ greatly from those of adults, and hence, design for children older than 5 years of age, for control\/display stereotypes, can be the same as that for adult populations. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> When designing devices for children, the relationship between controls and displays can be as for adult populations, for which there are considerable experimental data. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818759993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1519679323000},"page":"538-555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Children\u2019s Control\/Display Stereotypes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Errol R.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Alan H. S.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Judy P. C.","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931215591087"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-63"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0039804"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(76)90009-0"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611401755"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011805"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2010.527018"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2013.09.004"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1051593"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2016.03.003"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162273"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086801000401"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088803000310"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.156581"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963696"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963660"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720818759993","first-page":"29","volume":"1","author":"Fisher J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ergonomics SA"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720818759993","first-page":"20","volume":"4","author":"Fisher J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ergonomics SA"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397188305"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1875934300902010170"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720818759993","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 28th Conference of the Ergonomics Society of Australia","author":"Hoffmann E. R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2011.597879"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.821173"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0041204"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720818759993","first-page":"126","volume":"31","author":"Holding D. H.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Occupational Psychology"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6874(200009\/10)42:5<551::AID-TIE4>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.08.009"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5143\/JESK.2012.31.3.463"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2013.12.001"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140136208930601"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720818759993","volume-title":"Nonparametric and distribution-free methods for the social sciences","author":"Marascuilo L. A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720818759993","first-page":"67","volume":"26","author":"Naqvi S. A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Human Movement Studies"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.123.4.0425"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088102300306"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720818759993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwu046"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720818759993","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Ethnic variables in human factors engineering","author":"Verhaegen P.","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720818759993","volume-title":"Direction of movement in the use of control knobs to position visual indicators","author":"Warrick M. J.","year":"1947"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720818759993","first-page":"635","volume":"9","author":"Yu R. F.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tsinghua Science and Technology"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720818759993","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720818759993","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720818759993","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T19:11:51Z","timestamp":1740683511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720818759993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720818759993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720818759993","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]}}}