{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:58:35Z","timestamp":1780552715327,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]],"date-time":"2018-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002956","name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Future Small Arms Research Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Future Small Arms Research Project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to determine the joint influence of resolution, target range, and image contrast on the detection and identification of targets in simulated naturalistic scenes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resolution requirements for target acquisition have been developed based on threshold values obtained using imaging systems, when target range was fixed, and image characteristics were determined by the system. Subsequent work has examined the influence of factors like target range and image contrast on target acquisition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We varied the resolution and contrast of static images in two experiments. Participants (soldiers) decided whether a human target was located in the scene (detection task) or whether a target was friendly or hostile (identification task). Target range was also varied (50\u2013400 m). In Experiment 1, 30 participants saw color images with a single target exemplar. In Experiment 2, another 30 participants saw monochrome images containing different target exemplars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects of target range and image contrast were qualitatively different above and below 6 pixels per meter of target for both tasks in both experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Target detection and identification performance were a joint function of image resolution, range, and contrast for both color and monochrome images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The beneficial effects of increasing resolution for target acquisition performance are greater for closer (larger) targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818760331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]],"date-time":"2018-03-05T13:45:47Z","timestamp":1520257547000},"page":"363-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Resolution, Range, and Image Contrast on Target Acquisition Performance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Justin G.","family":"Hollands","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Terhaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada J.","family":"Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720818760331","volume-title":"Assessment of a rifle-mounted target hand-off system by professional soldiers with a human-in-the-loop simulation","author":"Banko K.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720818760331","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Image quality and system performance, proceedings of SPIE IS&T electronic imaging","volume":"5294","author":"Barten P. G. J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720818760331","volume-title":"\u201cHet is zwaar om commandant te zijn\u201d: Het effect van een gesimuleerde patrouilletaak op de stressrespons van militairen","author":"Binsch O.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720818760331","unstructured":"Bohemia Interactive Simulations. (2011). Virtual Battlespace 2 (Version 1.60.92909) [Computer software]. Orlando, FL: Author."},{"key":"bibr5-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008913"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA254954"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720818760331","volume-title":"Automated target cueing during visual search of natural scenes: Performance benefits and costs","author":"Glaholt M. G.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201589"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571041"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014164"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720818760331","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Image Intensifier Symposium","author":"Johnson J.","year":"1958"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.61.000001"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.4.041108"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.605999"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.09.008"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720818760331","volume-title":"How to calculate image resolution","author":"Peterson M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2001.923585"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816670768"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.11.028"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90179-M"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1983.309351"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193121005402809"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1222446"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.779193"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720818760331","volume-title":"The effects of automatic target cueing reliability on shooting performance in a simulated military environment","author":"Tombu M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.25.002055"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1799111"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720818760331","volume-title":"The targeting task performance (TTP) metric: A new model for predicting target acquisition performance","author":"Vollmerhausen R. H.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720818760331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.02.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr30-0018720818760331","first-page":"57","volume":"15","author":"Whitney S. J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Battlefield Technology"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720818760331","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Attention","author":"Wolfe J. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720818760331","volume-title":"Signal processing and performance analysis for imaging systems","author":"Young S. S.","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720818760331","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720818760331","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720818760331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:51:35Z","timestamp":1777449095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720818760331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720818760331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720818760331","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]}}}