{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:07:51Z","timestamp":1767676071904,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]],"date-time":"2018-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030730","name":"Fordonsstrategisk forskning och innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011264","name":"FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Human Factors of Automated Driving project (HF-Aut"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Human Factors of Automated Driving project (HF-Aut"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the influence of prior experience with Level 2 automation on additional task performance during manual and Level 2 partially automated driving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 2 automation is now on the market, but its effects on driver behavior remain unclear. Based on previous studies, we could expect an increase in drivers\u2019 engagement in secondary tasks during Level 2 automated driving, but it is yet unknown how drivers will integrate all the ongoing demands in such situations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-one drivers (12 without, 9 with Level 2 automation experience) drove on a highway manually and with Level 2 automation (exemplified by Volvo Pilot Assist generation 2; PA2) while performing an additional task. In half of the conditions, the task could be interrupted (self-paced), and in the other half, it could not (system-paced). Drivers\u2019 visual attention, additional task performance, and other compensatory strategies were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Driving with PA2 led to decreased scores in the additional task and more visual attention to the dashboard. In the self-paced condition, all drivers looked more to the task and perceived a lower mental demand. The drivers experienced with PA2 used the system and the task more than the novice group and performed more overtakings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The additional task interfered more with Level 2 automation than with manual driving. The drivers, particularly the automation novice drivers, used some compensatory strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Applications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Automation designers need to consider these potential effects in the development of future automated systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818773636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]],"date-time":"2018-05-23T14:05:55Z","timestamp":1527084355000},"page":"778-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Performance of an Additional Task During Level 2 Automated Driving: An On-Road Study Comparing Drivers With and Without Experience With Partial Automation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Sol\u00eds-Marcos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute), Link\u00f6ping"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Ahlstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute), Link\u00f6ping"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute), Link\u00f6ping"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812460246"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817690639"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","unstructured":"Google. (2017). [Test route on the E.4. highway near Link\u00f6ping Sweden]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.google.se\/maps\/@58.4358227 15.556334 14.93z."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088903100503"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Hollnagel E. N\u00e5bo A. Lau I. V. (2003). A systemic model for driver-in-control. In PROCEEDINGS of the Second International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment Training and Vehicle Design (pp. 86\u201391). Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.121.2294&rep=rep1&type=pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2277725"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","unstructured":"Kopf M. Nirschl G. (1997). 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