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A number of factors are driving this fracture, including information presentation challenges that lead to poor information understanding, deliberate information attacks, social network propagation, poor assessments of information reliability, and cognitive biases that lead to a rejection of information that conflicts with preexisting beliefs. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> A framework for understanding information attack is provided, including common sources, features, avenues, cognitive mechanisms, and major challenges in overcoming information attacks. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Application:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Potential solutions and research needs are presented for improving people\u2019s understanding of online information associated with a wide range of issues affecting public policy. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818807357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T17:29:42Z","timestamp":1540920582000},"page":"1081-1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Combating Information Attacks in the Age of the Internet: New Challenges for Cognitive Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Mica R.","family":"Endsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SA Technologies, Inc., Mesa, AZ, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720818807357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720818807357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699016678186"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720818807357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209454"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720818807357","unstructured":"Barthel M., Mitchell A., Holcomb J. 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