{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:56:52Z","timestamp":1777669012000,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used this experiment to determine the degree to which cues to difficulty are used to make judgments of difficulty (JODs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditional approaches involve seeking to standardize the information people used to evaluate subjective workload; however, it is likely that conscious and unconscious cues underlie peoples\u2019 JODs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We designed a video game task that tested the degree to which time-on-task, performance-based feedback, and central cues to difficulty informed JODs. These relationships were modeled along five continuous dimensions of difficulty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Central cues most strongly contributed to JODs; judgments were supplemented by peripheral cues (performance-based feedback and time-on-task) even though these cues were not always valid. In addition, participants became more likely to rate the task as \u201ceasier\u201d over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although central cues are strong predictors of task difficulty, people confuse task difficulty (central cues), effort allocation and skill (performance-based feedback), and proxy cues to difficulty (time) when making JODs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identifying the functional relationships between cues to difficulty and JODs will provide valuable insight regarding the information that people use to evaluate tasks and to make decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818809877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T15:53:01Z","timestamp":1542642781000},"page":"749-762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Central and Peripheral Cues to Difficulty in a Dynamic Task"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7586-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Vangsness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720818809877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035098"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720818809877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.041"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720818809877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/60.2.255"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720818809877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193094"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720818809877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420160405"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720818809877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.453"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720818809877","volume-title":"Borg\u2019s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales","author":"Borg G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720818809877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.02.016"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720818809877","unstructured":"Cain B. 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