{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:11:21Z","timestamp":1784124681955,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research investigated whether safety labeling design guidelines, such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z535 series, contribute to better warnings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies investigating the impact of safety label formatting on warning effectiveness have produced mixed findings. Additionally, research has failed to find a consistent relationship between measures of predicted and actual compliance. One commonality is that all of these studies have investigated the ANSI Z535 guidelines as a binary variable rather than as an integrative system of separable features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured predicted compliance using both a within-subjects and a between-subjects design, but actual compliance using only a between-subjects design. Data were analyzed using both analysis of variance and linear\/probit regressions to test the relationships between warning features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines and measures of behavioral compliance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Predicted compliance assessed via a within-subjects design differed greatly from predicted compliance assessed via a between-subjects design. Levels of predicted and actual compliance were most similar when both measures were assessed using a between-subjects design. Consistent with previous research, location had a strong relationship with actual compliance, but surprisingly, presence of an ANSI-style orange warning header had a negative relationship with compliance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The choice of experimental design and analytical methods can dramatically influence a study\u2019s results and conclusions drawn. This research identified several aspects of experimental design that should be considered in future research on warning effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testing features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines under varying conditions can contribute to the development of more effective warnings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818820413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T14:43:56Z","timestamp":1549550636000},"page":"920-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Reconsidering the Role of Design Standards in Developing Effective Safety Labeling: Monolithic Recipes or Collections of Separable Features?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Kalsher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9838-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G.","family":"Obenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher F.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720818820413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720818820413","unstructured":"ANSI. 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