{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:57:49Z","timestamp":1777669069909,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003550","name":"AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present research compared and contrasted the workload associated with using in-vehicle information systems commonly available in five different automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) with that of CarPlay and Android Auto when used in the same vehicles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A growing trend is to provide access to portable smartphone-based systems (e.g., CarPlay and Android Auto) that support an expansion of various in-vehicle infotainment system features and functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method\/Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study involved on-road testing of 24 participants in each configuration of five vehicles crossed with the three different infotainment systems: the embedded portion of the native OEM systems, CarPlay, and Android Auto. Our analysis found that workload was significantly greater for the embedded portion of the native OEM systems than for CarPlay and Android Auto. The strengths and weaknesses of each CarPlay and Android Auto traded off in such a way that the overall demand associated with using the two systems did not differ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CarPlay and Android Auto provided more functionality and resulted in lower levels of workload than the embedded portion of the native OEM infotainment systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Potential applications of this research include refinements to CarPlay and Android Auto to address variations in workload as a function of task type, the modality of interaction, and OEM implementation of the system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819836575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T11:45:39Z","timestamp":1554464739000},"page":"1371-1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Visual and Cognitive Demands of CarPlay, Android Auto, and Five Native Infotainment Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Strayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Madeleine M.","family":"McCarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Getty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}]},{"given":"Camille L.","family":"Wheatley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Conner J.","family":"Motzkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Goethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Automobile Association, Inc., Washington, DC, USA"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Horrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, DC, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e729342011-001"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601432"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819836575","author":"Castro S. C.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601447"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1063994969"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.012"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17077\/drivingassessment.1237"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.4.323"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.12.017"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720819836575","volume-title":"Road vehicles\u2014Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems\u2014Calibration tasks for methods which assess driver demand due to the use of in-vehicle systems","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720819836575","volume-title":"Road vehicles\u2014Transport information and control systems\u2014Detection Response Task (DRT) for assessing attentional effects of cognitive load in driving","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(91)90025-F"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.04.002"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12043"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720819836575","volume-title":"Empirical comparison of methods for off-line workload measurement","author":"Mattes S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1081412"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720819836575","volume-title":"MIT AgeLab delayed digit recall task (n-back)","author":"Mehler B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2009.06.005"},{"issue":"81","key":"bibr22-0018720819836575","volume-title":"Visual-manual NHTSA driver distraction guidelines for in-vehicle electronic devices","volume":"78","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720819836575","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Society for Psychonomics Science","author":"Palada H.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720819836575","unstructured":"Ranney T. A., Garrott R. W., Goodman M. J. (2000). NHTSA driver distraction research: Past, present, and future. Driver Distraction Internet Forum. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Elizabeth_Mazzae\/publication\/255669554_NHTSA_Driver_Distraction_Research_Past_Present_and_Future\/links\/0a85e53ab86eb9ea74000000\/NHTSA-Driver-Distraction-Research-Past-Present-and-Future.pdf"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720819836575","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.04.008"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720819836575","first-page":"5","volume":"58","author":"Regan M. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0922-4"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.1.1"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.127"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720819836575","volume-title":"Operational definitions of driving performance measures and statistics","author":"Society of Automotive Engineers","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020594"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720819836575","volume-title":"Visual and cognitive demands of using in-vehicle information systems","author":"Strayer D. L.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815575149"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385527-5.00002-4"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720819836575","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-01"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819836575","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720819836575","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819836575","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:51:59Z","timestamp":1777449119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720819836575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720819836575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819836575","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]}}}