{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:57:39Z","timestamp":1777669059262,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP140101822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP140101822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The pulse oximeter (PO) provides anesthesiologists with continuous visual and auditory information about a patient\u2019s oxygen saturation (SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). However, anesthesiologists\u2019 attention is often diverted from visual displays, and clinicians may inaccurately judge SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      values when relying on conventional PO auditory tones. We tested whether participants could identify SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      value (e.g., \u201c97%\u201d) better with acoustic enhancements that identified three discrete clinical ranges by either changing abruptly at two threshold values (stepped-effects) or changing incrementally with each percentage value of SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (smooth-effects).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In all, 79 nonclinicians participated in a between-subjects experiment that compared performance of participants using the stepped-effects display with those who used the smooth-effects display. In both conditions, participants heard sequences of 72 tones whose pitch directly correlated to SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      value, and whose value could change incrementally. Primary outcome was percentage of responses that correctly identified the absolute SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      percentage, \u00b11, of the last pulse tone in each sequence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants using the stepped-effects auditory tones identified absolute SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      percentage more accurately ( M = 53.7%) than participants using the smooth-effects tones ( M = 47.9%, p = .038). Identification of range and detection of transitions between ranges showed even stronger advantages for the stepped-effects display ( p &lt; .005).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The stepped-effects display has more pronounced auditory cues at SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      range transitions, from which participants can better infer absolute SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      values. Further development of a smooth-effects display for this purpose is not necessary.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819845742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T15:14:01Z","timestamp":1560179641000},"page":"124-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Smooth or Stepped? Laboratory Comparison of Enhanced Sonifications for Monitoring Patient Oxygen Saturation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Renae","family":"Collett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Salisbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Loeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1235-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penelope M.","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819845742","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists. (2010). Standards for basic anesthetic monitoring. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/standards-and-guidelines"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13020"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4936947"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.06.006"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03021524"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907229"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.03.013"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-001061"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2010.12.004"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2345\/0899-8205-51.s2.50"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720819845742","volume-title":"The sonification handbook","author":"Hermann T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815617406"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720819845742","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Auditory display: Sonification, audification, and auditory interfaces","author":"Kramer G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X215719"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.11.007"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001240"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris R., Mohacsi P. (2005). How well can anesthesiologists discriminate pulse oximeter tones? Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 33, 497\u2013500. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.aaic.net.au.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au\/","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0503300412"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720819845742","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory Display","author":"Neuhoff J. G.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720819845742","unstructured":"Paterson E., Sanderson P., Brecknell B., Paterson N., Loeb R. G. (in press). Comparison of standard and enhanced pulse oximeter auditory displays of oxygen saturation: A laboratory study with clinician and non-clinician participants.\n                      Anesthesia & Analgesia\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr22-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex343"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13424"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem392"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2014-003373"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3283326a2f"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOCM.0000032698.47717.06"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01616776"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-013-9428-7"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv061"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720819845742","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 12th International Conference on Auditory Display","author":"Vickers P.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720819845742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1291"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720819845742","first-page":"9","volume-title":"The sonification handbook","author":"Walker B. 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