{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:15:33Z","timestamp":1778148933156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this meta-analytic review is to examine the role of three work environment support variables (i.e., peer, supervisor, and organizational support) in training transfer and sustainment or long-term use of learned knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimates demonstrate that little training is transferred to the job, wasting billions in organizational spending each year and resulting in significant loss to safety and individual and team performance. Prior research shows the importance of a supportive work environment to facilitating transfer; however, we know little of the relative importance of specific support variables. This study seeks to examine the unique roles of distinct support variables in training transfer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A meta-analysis was conducted with multiple regressions to answer three primary research questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All work environment support variables demonstrate moderate and positive correlations with transfer of training. Furthermore, multiple regressions demonstrate that each factor of the work environment explains unique variance as a predictor, with the model accounting for 32% of transfer and peer support accounting for most of R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Motivation to transfer mediates the relationship between all three work environment support variables and transfer. Furthermore, three support variables are positively related to sustainment, with peer and supervisor support showing the strongest relationships.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings illuminate the relative contribution of peer, supervisor, and organizational support to transfer and sustainment of training. As transfer continues to be an important yet understudied measure of the effectiveness of workplace training, these findings hold implications for both research and practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819845988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T12:21:20Z","timestamp":1559046080000},"page":"166-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The Role of Work Environment in Training Sustainment: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Illinois at Chicago, USA"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Zajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819845988","volume-title":"The influence of individual and organizational characteristics on training motivation and effectiveness","author":"*Al-Ammar S. A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740910984514"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327043hup1101_3"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819845988","volume-title":"2015 State of the industry report","author":"Association of Training and Development","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00483489710161413"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.20009"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.3920100406"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720819845988","unstructured":"Bauer K. N. (2013). The impact of trainee characteristics on transfer of training over time (Doctoral dissertation, Old Dominion University). Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcommons.odu.edu\/psychology_etds\/145"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720819845988","first-page":"357","volume-title":"The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis","author":"Becker B. J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720819845988","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Learning, training and development in organizations","author":"Beier M. E.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.1191"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206309352880"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.3920060305"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Transfer of training: Action-packed strategies to ensure high payoff from training investments","author":"Broad M. L.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601103258439"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.3920080204"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484307303035"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.1230"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720819845988","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Psychology for business success","volume":"3","author":"Burke L. A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720819845988","unstructured":"*Casper B. (2005). The positive transfer of learned skills from training to changed behaviors at the job (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA."},{"key":"bibr22-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-8-117"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190050075150"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13678860801933004"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/03090590510627085"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2389.2010.00500.x"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2419.00156"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.5.678"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.1115"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Knowledge transfer across R&D units: An empirical investigation of the factors affecting successful knowledge transfer across intra- and inter-organizational units","author":"*Cummings J. L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2419.2007.00280.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.1104"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.1074"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639502100101"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Transfer of training and transfer climate: The relationship to the use of transfer maintenance strategies in an autonomous job context","author":"*Fitzgerald C. G.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104443"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720819845988","unstructured":"*Frash R. E.Jr. (2004). Modeling the context and transfer relationship for blended e-learning instructional design and delivery in hospitality (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN."},{"key":"bibr40-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Training effectiveness: The influence of personal achievement goals on post-training self-efficacy","author":"*Freeman E. W.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.01.019"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12186-012-9084-y"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206308328501"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02621710710833423"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720819845988","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Better teachers, better schools","author":"Goldhaber D. D.","year":"1999"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr46-0018720819845988","first-page":"4025","volume":"62","author":"*Green E. C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijtd.12030"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2017.08.001"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2419.2011.00373.x"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-057065-5.50010-5"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18297\/etd\/614"},{"key":"bibr52-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.13152\/IJRVET.1.1.3","volume":"1","author":"*Hinrichs A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training"},{"key":"bibr53-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Measuring the effectiveness of transfer of learning constructs and intent to transfer in a simulation-based leadership training program","author":"*Hix J. W.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr54-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.3920070103"},{"key":"bibr55-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijtd.12031"},{"key":"bibr56-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-014-9394-1"},{"key":"bibr57-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000120"},{"key":"bibr58-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985031"},{"key":"bibr59-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsa.12035"},{"key":"bibr60-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2419.2011.00392.x"},{"key":"bibr61-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/piq.21135"},{"key":"bibr62-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.93.1.59"},{"key":"bibr63-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Training transfer: Post-training influences","author":"*Khalfani S. D. N.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr64-0018720819845988","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Improving patient safety through teamwork and team training","author":"King H. B.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr65-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2419.2006.00259.x"},{"key":"bibr66-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120705101601"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr67-0018720819845988","first-page":"59","volume":"73","author":"Kotter J. P.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"bibr68-0018720819845988","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Improving training effectiveness in work organizations","author":"Kozlowski S. W. J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr69-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206315575554"},{"key":"bibr70-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2014.934887"},{"key":"bibr71-0018720819845988","volume-title":"An investigation of the relationship between transfer of learning factors and perceived organizational knowledge performance in selected Korean organizations","author":"*Lee J. G.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr72-0018720819845988","author":"Lionetti P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfer of training: 1988-2011 with the practitioner in mind"},{"key":"bibr73-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.08.027"},{"key":"bibr74-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.20038"},{"key":"bibr75-0018720819845988","volume-title":"A contextual examination of the effectiveness of a supervisory skills training program","author":"*Martineau J. W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr76-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijtd.12054"},{"key":"bibr77-0018720819845988","unstructured":"*Mohamed M. A. K. (1994). An investigation of the contextual factors affecting transfer of training, and the role of management values in contextual change: The case of the United Arab Emirates public sector (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Southern California, Los Angeles."},{"key":"bibr78-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed1000097"},{"key":"bibr79-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206309347376"},{"key":"bibr80-0018720819845988","volume-title":"The role of person, outcome, environmental, and learning variables in training effectiveness","author":"*Myers S. D.","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr81-0018720819845988","volume":"68","author":"*Nair P. K.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"bibr82-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Relationships of collective efficacy, cynicism, and motivation to transfer on transfer of training in Thailand","author":"*Naowaruttanavanit M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr83-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7941.12044"},{"key":"bibr84-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"Nunnally J. C.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr85-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2419.2012.00417.x"},{"key":"bibr86-0018720819845988","author":"*Poteet M. L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"The training transfer process: An examination of the role of individual, motivational and work environmental factors"},{"key":"bibr87-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Transfer initiation and maintenance of training: Employees\u2019 perception of the relative influences of transfer intentions, general self-efficacy (GSE) and supervisor support","author":"*Powell J. L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr88-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2012.679848"},{"key":"bibr89-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHH.0000311888.06252.bb"},{"key":"bibr90-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Examining the effects of post-training interventions on transfer of training","author":"*Richman W. L.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr91-0018720819845988","first-page":"5218","volume":"70","author":"*Ronen E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"key":"bibr92-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.3920040408"},{"key":"bibr93-0018720819845988","first-page":"29","volume":"39","author":"Saks A. M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist"},{"key":"bibr94-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100612436661"},{"key":"bibr95-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2419.2008.00303.x"},{"key":"bibr96-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.4.632"},{"key":"bibr97-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Meta-analysis: A comparison of approaches","author":"Schulze R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr98-0018720819845988","first-page":"6130","volume":"63","author":"*Sekowski G. J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"key":"bibr99-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2419.00031"},{"key":"bibr100-0018720819845988","unstructured":"*Short M. A. (1997). Transfer of training: Examining the relationship of supervisor, peer, and subordinate support on the transfer of leadership behaviors to the work place (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University, Columbus."},{"key":"bibr101-0018720819845988","volume-title":"Science and human behavior","author":"Skinner B. F.","year":"1953"},{"key":"bibr102-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496408317794"},{"key":"bibr103-0018720819845988","first-page":"21","volume":"10","author":"*Switzer K. C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Applied Human Resource Management Research"},{"key":"bibr104-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2007.07.004"},{"key":"bibr105-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.80.2.239"},{"key":"bibr106-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2419.2010.00343.x"},{"key":"bibr107-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-05-2011-0072"},{"key":"bibr108-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2419.2007.00286.x"},{"key":"bibr109-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01784.x"},{"key":"bibr110-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/096317999166725"},{"key":"bibr111-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/ambpp.2014.17546abstract"},{"key":"bibr112-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076912"},{"key":"bibr113-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.7"},{"key":"bibr114-0018720819845988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-02-2013-0029"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819845988","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720819845988","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819845988","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:02Z","timestamp":1777449122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720819845988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720819845988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819845988","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]}}}