{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:58:24Z","timestamp":1777669104603,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Rugby Union","award":["C1062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The efficacy of two optimization-driven biomechanical modeling approaches has been compared with an electromyography-assisted optimization (EMGAO) approach to predict lumbar spine loading while walking with backpack loads.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The EMGAO approach adopts more variables in the optimization process and is complex in data collection and processing, whereas optimization-driven approaches are simple and include the fewest possible variables. However, few studies have been conducted on the efficacy of using the optimization-driven approach to predict lumbar spine loading while walking with backpack loads.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anthropometric information of 10 healthy male adults as well as their kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data acquired while they walked with various backpack loads (no-load, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of body weight) served as inputs into the model for predicting lumbosacral joint compression forces. The efficacy of two optimization-driven models, namely double linear optimization with constraints on muscle intensity and single linear optimization without any constraints, was investigated by comparing the resulting force profile with that provided by a current EMGAO approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The double and single linear optimization approaches predicted mean deviations in peak force of \u22125.1%, and \u221219.2% as well as root-mean-square differences in force profile of 16.2%, and 25.4%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The double linear optimization approach was a relatively comparable estimator to the EMGAO approach in terms of its consistency, slight bias, and efficiency for predicting peak lumbosacral joint compression forces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The double linear optimization approach is a useful biomechanical model for estimating peak lumbar compression forces while walking with backpack loads.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819851299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T19:53:30Z","timestamp":1560369210000},"page":"565-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of Predictions Between an EMG-Assisted Approach and Two Optimization-Driven Approaches for Lumbar Spine Loading During Walking With Backpack Loads"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Simon S. 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