{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:58:09Z","timestamp":1777669089231,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the role of button-response complexity to targets in a response inhibition task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Response inhibition is the ability to correctly inhibit an overt response to a target. The U.S. military is actively pursuing development of armed, combat robots as a force multiplier, which may present challenges to operators of combat robots in the form of response inhibition errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 15 participants completed two 51-min versions of a modified sustained attention to response task (SART). Participants were outfitted with an electrocardiogram to index heart-rate variability and completed the NASA\u2013Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) to index workload.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results demonstrated that the complex SART reduced errors of commission (4%) and slowed response times (874 ms) to correct Go targets relative to the simple SART (14%, 739 ms). The NASA-TLX did not show differences between the modified SARTs; however, heart-rate variability did demonstrate that Soldiers had an increased autonomic stress response to the complex SART.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing the behavioral response requirement during a response inhibition task can decrease errors of commission; however, it comes at the cost of slower response times to target stimuli. Heart-rate variability may provide better insight into objective workload relative to subjective measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of complex behavioral responses may provide a viable option to reduce potential \u201cfriendly fire\u201d or collateral damage by Soldiers remotely engaging a target-rich environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819852801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T13:00:49Z","timestamp":1561467649000},"page":"787-799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Response Complexity Reduces Errors on a Response Inhibition Task"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Head","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Tenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Tweedell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seeing Machines, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William S.","family":"Helton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819852801","volume-title":"Cardiology explained","author":"Ashley E. 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