{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:58:16Z","timestamp":1777669096425,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,16]],"date-time":"2020-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16RT0881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16RT0881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aims to evaluate driver intervention behaviors during a partially automated parking task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cars with partially automated parking features are becoming widely available. Although recent research explores the use of automation features in partially automated cars, none have focused on partially automated parking. Recent incidents and research have demonstrated that drivers sometimes use partially automated features in unexpected, inefficient, and harmful ways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed a series of partially automated parking trials with a Tesla Model X and their behavioral interventions were recorded. Participants also completed a risk-taking behavior test and a post-experiment questionnaire that included questions about trust in the system, likelihood of using the Autopark feature, and preference for either the partially automated parking feature or self-parking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initial intervention rates were over 50%, but declined steeply in later trials. Responses to open-ended questions revealed that once participants understood what the system was doing, they were much more likely to trust it. Trust in the partially automated parking feature was predicted by a model including risk-taking behaviors, self-confidence, self-reported number of errors committed by the Tesla, and the proportion of trials in which the driver intervened.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using partially automated parking with little knowledge of its workings can lead to high degree of initial distrust. Repeated exposure of partially automated features to drivers can greatly increase their use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short tutorials and brief explanations of the workings of partially automated features may greatly improve trust in the system when drivers are first introduced to partially automated systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819865412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T15:54:46Z","timestamp":1565970886000},"page":"194-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Trust and Distrust of Automated Parking in a Tesla Model X"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-5815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan L.","family":"Tenhundfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewart J.","family":"de Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Ries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor S.","family":"Finomore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chad C.","family":"Tossell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","unstructured":"American Automobile Association (AAA). (2015). Fact sheet: Active parking assist systems. Retrieved from http:\/\/publicaffairsresources.aaa.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Automotive-Engineering-ADAS-Survey-Fact-Sheet-FINAL-3.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","unstructured":"Abrams R. Kurtz A. (2016 July 1). Joshua Brown who died in self-driving accident tested limits of his Tesla. The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/07\/02\/business\/joshua-brown-technology-enthusiast-tested-the-limits-of-his-tesla.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen K. E. Koslich S. Pedersen B. M. K. Weigelin B. C. Jensen L. C. (2017). Do we blindly trust self-driving cars? In Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-robot Interaction (pp. 67\u201368). Retrieved from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=3038428","DOI":"10.1145\/3029798.3038428"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020250"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bondi E. Fang F. Hamilton M. Kar D. Dmello D. Choi J. . . . Nevatia R. (2018). SPOT poachers in action: Augmenting conservation drones with automatic detection in near real time. In The Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (IAAI-18) (pp. 7741\u20137746). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/AAAI\/AAAI18\/paper\/view\/16282","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11414"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen J. Y. C. Procci K. Boyce M. Wright J. Garcia A. Barnes M. J. (2014). Situation awareness-based agent transparency (No. ARL-TR-6905). Retrieved from https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/a600351.pdf","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA600351"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820140406"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000092"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2018.1457725"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343411410160"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343417695197"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","unstructured":"Fridman L. (2018). Human-centered autonomous vehicle systems: Principles of effective shared autonomy. arXiv. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1810.01835"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","unstructured":"Fridman L. Brown D. E. Glazer M. Angell W. Dodd S. Jenik B. . . . Reimer B. (2017). MIT autonomous vehicle technology study: Large-scale deep learning based analysis of driver behavior and interaction with automation. Arxiv Preprint 1\u201317. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/ 1711.06976"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","unstructured":"Griggs T. Wakabayashi D. (2018 March 21). How a self-driving Uber killed a pedestrian in Arizona. The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2018\/03\/20\/us\/self-driving-uber-pedestrian-killed.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","unstructured":"Gunning D. (2017). Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/attachments\/XAIProgramUpdate.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811417254"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","unstructured":"Howe G. Xu G. Hoover R. Elsasser D. Barickman F. (2016). Commercial connected vehicle test procedure development and test results\u2014Forward collision warning. Washington DC. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/sites\/nhtsa.dot.gov\/files\/documents\/812298_connectedvehiclev2vreport.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922021000054335"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.P110.201731"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1076-898X.8.2.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1064804617716612"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.924261"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815621206"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80013-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964474"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","volume-title":"Automated driving systems 2.0: A vision for safety","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2017). Automated driving systems 2.0: A vision for safety. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, DOT HS, 812, 442."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","volume-title":"The design of everyday things: Revised and expanded edition","author":"Norman D.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Norman D. (2013). The design of everyday things: Revised and expanded edition. New York, NY: Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamura K. Yamada S. (2018). Adaptive trust calibration for supervised autonomous vehicles. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 10th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. Retrieved from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3239092.3265948","DOI":"10.1145\/3239092.3265948"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813501549"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810376055.Copyright"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.844354"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315095080-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815612319"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","unstructured":"Reimer B. Mehler B. Coughlin J. F. (2010). An evaluation of driver reactions to new vehicle parking assist technologies developed to reduce driver stress. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/reimer\/www\/pdfs\/reimer_2010_parking_technology_and_driver%20_stress.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128903300227"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/62.494182"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451740"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2004.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778667997"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816634228"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581435"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheridan T. B. Verplank W. L. (1978). Human and computer control of undersea teleoperators. Retrieved from https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/a057655.pdf","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA057655"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818773636"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186568"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","unstructured":"Tesla. (2017). Model X owner\u2019s manual. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/sites\/default\/files\/model_x_owners_manual_north_america_en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812443825"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19595\/j.cnki.1000"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3241365"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2799250.2799268"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014083.Test-Retest"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819865412","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720819865412","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819865412","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819865412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:07Z","timestamp":1777449127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720819865412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720819865412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819865412","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]}}}