{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:58:41Z","timestamp":1777669121459,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"australian research council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP160100575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP160100575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to examine the effects of low and high degree of automation (DOA) on performance, subjective workload, situation awareness (SA), and return-to-manual control in simulated submarine track management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Theory and meta-analytic evidence suggest that as DOA increases, operator performance improves and workload decreases, but SA and return-to-manual control declines. Research also suggests that operators have particular difficulty regaining manual control if automation provides incorrect advice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Undergraduate student participants completed a submarine track management task that required them to track the position and behavior of contacts. Low DOA supported information acquisition and analysis, whereas high DOA recommended decisions. At a late stage in the task, automation was either unexpectedly removed or provided incorrect advice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative to no automation, low DOA moderately benefited performance but impaired SA and non-automated task performance. Relative to no automation and low DOA, high DOA benefited performance and lowered workload. High DOA did impair non-automated task performance compared with no automation, but this was equivalent to low DOA. Participants were able to return-to-manual control when they knew low or high DOA was disengaged, or when high DOA provided incorrect advice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High DOA improved performance and lowered workload, at no additional cost to SA or return-to-manual performance when compared with low DOA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Designers should consider the likely level of uncertainty in the environment and the consequences of return-to-manual deficits before implementing low or high DOA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819867181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T12:30:36Z","timestamp":1566217836000},"page":"874-896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Benefits and Costs of Low and High Degree of Automation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7290-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Tatasciore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}]},{"given":"Vanessa K.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3960-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy A. W.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steph I. C.","family":"Michailovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}]},{"given":"Shayne","family":"Loft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819867181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206309352880"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819867181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000126"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720819867181","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819867181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128803200221"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720819867181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049499"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720819867181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816681350"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720819867181","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Human mental workload","author":"Hart S. 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