{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:59:16Z","timestamp":1777669156454,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001858","name":"VINNOVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011-03994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011-03994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Automotive Transportation Safety Enhancement Technology of the Ministry of Communication, PRC","award":["300102229508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102229508"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the attentional demand of different contextual factors in driving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The attentional demand on the driver varies with the situation. One approach for estimating the attentional demand, via spare capacity, is to use visual occlusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a 3 \u00d7 5 within-subjects design, 33 participants drove in a fixed-base simulator in three scenarios (i.e., urban, rural, and motorway), combined with five fixed occlusion durations (1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 s). By pressing a microswitch on a finger, the driver initiated each occlusion, which lasted for the same predetermined duration within each trial. Drivers were instructed to occlude their vision as often as possible while still driving safely.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stepwise logistic regression per scenario indicated that the occlusion predictors varied with scenario. In the urban environment, infrastructure-related variables had the biggest influence, whereas the distance to oncoming traffic played a major role on the rural road. On the motorway, occlusion duration and time since the last occlusion were the main determinants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spare capacity is dependent on the scenario, selected speed, and individual factors. This is important for developing workload managers, infrastructural design, and aspects related to transfer of control in automated driving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Better knowledge of the determinants of spare capacity in the road environment can help improve workload managers, thereby contributing to more efficient and safer interaction with additional tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819869099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T12:34:23Z","timestamp":1566218063000},"page":"1171-1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Attentional Demand as a Function of Contextual Factors in Different Traffic Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2465-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuofan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts & Telecommunications, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christer","family":"Ahlstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4680-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Forsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1849-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.83"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2013.11.003"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720819869099","volume-title":"Paper presented at the International Conference on Cognitive Modeling","author":"Brumby D. P.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brumby D. P., Salvucci D. D., Howes A. (2009, April). Focus on driving: How cognitive constraints shape the adaptation of strategy when dialing while driving. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, MA. Retrieved from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=1518701.1518950","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518950"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181311551396"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571420"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720819869099","volume-title":"Surfing uncertainty: Prediction, action, and the embodied mind","author":"Clark A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X15002472"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2009.2026675"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2017.1306148"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.11.003"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1416145"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720819869099","unstructured":"Green P., Shah R. (2004). Task time and glance measures of the use of telematics: A tabular summary of the literature. Retrieved from https:\/\/deepblue.lib.umich.edu\/handle\/2027.42\/92350"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720819869099","volume-title":"The effect of lateral motion cues during simulated driving","author":"Greenberg J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.09.007"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138608968272"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1056808.1056948"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343411432339"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720819869099","volume-title":"Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness","author":"Johnson-Laird P. N.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816672756"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.03.013"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.02.035"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815595901"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185306"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J. Y., Gibson M., Lee J. D. (2015, September). Secondary task boundaries influence drivers\u2019 glance durations. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Nottingham, UK. Retrieved from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2799250.2799269","DOI":"10.1145\/2799250.2799269"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.12.003"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2011.04.004"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2003.11.012"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.02.014"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-082114-035733"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720819869099","unstructured":"Salvucci D. D., Kujala T. (2016, August). Balancing structural and temporal constraints in multitasking contexts. Paper presented at the CogSci 2016: Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2465\u20132470), Austin, TX. Retrieved from https:\/\/mindmodeling.org\/cogsci2016\/papers\/0426\/paper0426.pdf"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2518-02"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720819869099","first-page":"15","volume":"195","author":"Senders J. W.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Highway Research Record"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p251081"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420055337"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720819869099","unstructured":"Stevens A., Hallen A., Pauzie A.et al. (2008). The European statement of principles on human machine interaction. Retrieved from https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32008H0653&from=EN"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778701944"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00071"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson B. (1995). Stepwise regression and stepwise discriminant analysis need not apply here: A guidelines editorial. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 525\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164495055004001","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164495055004001"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2015.03.010"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720819869099","volume-title":"Time-sharing of a visual in-vehicle task while driving: Findings from the task occlusion method","author":"Tsimhoni O.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701318707"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(02)00008-6"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2003.11.010"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.07.009"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.16.1.121"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720819869099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.11.004"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819869099","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720819869099","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819869099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:09Z","timestamp":1777449129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720819869099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720819869099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819869099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]}}}