{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:58:50Z","timestamp":1777669130398,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"advanced vehicle technologies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research evaluated Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) involved collisions to identify factors relevant to future ADS research and development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapidly developing ADSs promise improved safety, among other benefits. Properly applied collision research can inform ADS development, to minimize future collisions. Errors and failures that result in collisions come from sources including the system, ADS operators, and external factors including other drivers. Partially automated systems incorporate new equipment and procedures creating new sources of human error. Fully autonomous systems represent a new class of drivers that interact in unique ways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADS collision reports from the California Department of Motor Vehicles and the National Transportation Safety Board were collected. An expert in human factors and collision investigation analyzed and categorized the crashes while extracting common factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADS vehicles were never at fault but were often affected from the rear during braking, turning, and gap acceptance maneuvers. Side impacts to ADS vehicles were related to passing vehicles and lane keeping behaviors. Unique incidents also provided additional insights. ADS collision rates cannot yet be determined with confidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conflicts that lead to collision-involvement with ADSs may be caused by differences between ADS and human driving behavior. Conservative ADS behavior may violate the expectations of other nearby human road users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings from this work help inform the future development of ADS, as well as potentially the testing of ADS and the formation of policy to guide their future deployment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819872034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T11:31:52Z","timestamp":1568115112000},"page":"249-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Automated Driving System Collisions: Early Lessons"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6718-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne","family":"Biever","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Touchstone Evaluations Inc., Detroit, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Angell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Touchstone Evaluations Inc., Detroit, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Seaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Touchstone Evaluations Inc., Detroit, MI, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819872034","unstructured":"Blanco M., Atwood J., Russell S., Trimble T., McClafferty J., Perez M. (2015). Automated vehicle crash rate comparison using naturalistic data: Final report. Retrieved from https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/64420"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819872034","unstructured":"California Department of Motor Vehicles. (2019, August 9). Permit holders (testing with a driver). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dmv.ca.gov\/portal\/dmv\/detail\/vr\/autonomous\/permit"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720819872034","unstructured":"California Department of Motor Vehicles. (2019, June 27). Report of traffic collision involving an autonomous vehicle (OL 316). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dmv.ca.gov\/portal\/dmv\/detail\/vr\/autonomous\/autonomousveh_ol316+"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819872034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168054"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720819872034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184952"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720819872034","volume-title":"Human Factors and Ergonomics Society policy statement on autonomous and semiautonomous vehicles","author":"Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720819872034","volume-title":"Collision between a car operating with automated vehicle control systems and a tractor-semitrailer truck near Williston, Florida","author":"National Transportation Safety Board","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720819872034","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. (2018a). Preliminary report highway HWY18FH011, Mountain View, CA. Retrieved from https:\/\/ntsb.gov\/investigations\/AccidentReports\/Reports\/HWY18FH011-preliminary.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720819872034","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. (2018b). Preliminary report highway HWY18MH010, Tempe, Maricopa County, Arizona. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ntsb.gov\/investigations\/AccidentReports\/Reports\/HWY18MH010-prelim.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720819872034","volume-title":"A preliminary analysis of real-world crashes involving self-driving vehicles","author":"Schoettle B.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720819872034","volume-title":"Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles","author":"Society of Automotive Engineers","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720819872034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2017.08.008"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819872034","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720819872034","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819872034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:10Z","timestamp":1777449130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720819872034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720819872034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819872034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]}}}