{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:47:20Z","timestamp":1774558040211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019690","name":"Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> This study examines how driving styles of fully automated vehicles affect drivers\u2019 trust using a statistical technique\u2014the two-part mixed model\u2014that considers the frequency and magnitude of drivers\u2019 interventions. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Adoption of fully automated vehicles depends on how people accept and trust them, and the vehicle\u2019s driving style might have an important influence. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> A driving simulator experiment exposed participants to a fully automated vehicle with three driving styles (aggressive, moderate, and conservative) across four intersection types (with and without a stop sign and with and without crossing path traffic). Drivers indicated their dissatisfaction with the automation by depressing the brake or accelerator pedals. A two-part mixed model examined how automation style, intersection type, and the distance between the automation\u2019s driving style and the person\u2019s driving style affected the frequency and magnitude of their pedal depression. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> The conservative automated driving style increased the frequency and magnitude of accelerator pedal inputs; conversely, the aggressive style increased the frequency and magnitude of brake pedal inputs. The two-part mixed model showed a similar pattern for the factors influencing driver response, but the distance between driving styles affected how often the brake pedal was pressed, but it had little effect on how much it was pressed. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Eliciting brake and accelerator pedal responses provides a temporally precise indicator of drivers\u2019 trust of automated driving styles, and the two-part model considers both the discrete and continuous characteristics of this indicator. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> We offer a measure and method for assessing driving styles. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819880363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T17:21:57Z","timestamp":1570641717000},"page":"197-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Assessing Drivers\u2019 Trust of Automated Vehicle Driving Styles With a Two-Part Mixed Model of Intervention Tendency and Magnitude"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]},{"given":"Shu-Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Domeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azadeh","family":"DinparastDjadid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819850283"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.05.005"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.02.036"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500102"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.04.012"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-3601(02)02003-9"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2017.2717884"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1561790"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(99)00047-7"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-060116-054131"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-011-0194-3"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01644.x"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5632(96)00639-1"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.04.005"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.3950040103"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2663-15"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco103&4_4"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720819880363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J. 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