{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:48:44Z","timestamp":1767034124783,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> The aim of this paper was to identify the characteristics of memory patterns with respect to a visual input, perceived by the human operator during a manual control task, which consisted in following a moving target on a display with a cursor. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Manual control tasks involve nondeclarative memory. The memory encodings of different motor skills have been referred to as procedural memories. The procedural memories have a pattern, which this paper sought to identify for the particular case of a one-dimensional tracking task. Specifically, data recorded from human subjects controlling dynamic systems with different fractional order were investigated. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> A finite impulse response (FIR) controller was fitted to the data, and pattern analysis of the fitted parameters was performed. Then, the FIR model was further reduced to a lower order controller; from the simplified model, the stability analysis of the human\u2013machine system in closed-loop was conducted. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> It is shown that the FIR model can be used to identify and represent patterns in human procedural memories during manual control tasks. The obtained procedural memory pattern presents a time scale of about 650 ms before decay. Furthermore, the fitted controller is stable for systems with fractional order less than or equal to 1. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> For systems of different fractional order, the proposed control scheme\u2014based on an FIR model\u2014can effectively characterize the linear properties of manual control in humans. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> This research supports a biofidelic approach to human manual control modeling over feedback visual perceptions. Relevant applications of this research are the following: the development of shared-control systems, where a virtual human model assists the human during a control task, and human operator state monitoring. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819881008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T23:09:12Z","timestamp":1571958552000},"page":"210-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Memory Pattern Identification for Feedback Tracking Control in Human\u2013Machine Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2984-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University, UK"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University, UK"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819881008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2018.2791570"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819881008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00206239"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720819881008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315805696"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819881008","unstructured":"Baker J. 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