{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T05:37:33Z","timestamp":1740893853061,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004405","name":"Toyota Motor Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Collaborative research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Collaborative research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004405","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> To investigate the effects of human force anticipation, we conducted an experimental load-pushing task with diverse combinations of informed and actual loading weights. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Human motor control tends to rely upon the anticipated workload to plan the force to exert, particularly in fast tasks such as pushing objects in less than 1 s. The motion and force responses in such tasks may depend on the anticipated resistive forces, based on a learning process. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> Pushing performances of 135 trials were obtained from 9 participants. We varied the workload by changing the masses from 0.2 to 5 kg. To influence anticipation, participants were shown a display of the workload that was either correct or incorrect. We collected the motion and force data, as well as electromyography (EMG) signals from the actively used muscle groups. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Overanticipation produced overshoot performances in more than 80% of trials. Lighter actual workloads were also associated with overshoot. Pushing behaviors with heavier workloads could be classified into feedforward-dominant and feedback-dominant responses based on the timing of force, motion, and EMG responses. In addition, we found that the preceding trial condition affected the performance of the subsequent trial. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Our results show that the first peak of the pushing force increases consistently with anticipatory workload. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> This study improves our understanding of human motion control and can be applied to situations such as simulating interactions between drivers and assistive systems in intelligent vehicles. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819900842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T15:43:09Z","timestamp":1583854989000},"page":"647-662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Force Anticipation and Its Potential Implications on Feedforward and Feedback Human Motor Control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Kimpara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Motor North America R&D, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5871-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenechukwu C.","family":"Mbanisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7627-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen L.","family":"Troy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"given":"Danil","family":"Prokhorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Motor North America R&D, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3170-2190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Gennert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20675"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00814.2009"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.12.069"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720819900842","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720819900842","volume-title":"Cram\u2019s introduction to surface electromyography","author":"Cram J.","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01537-0"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1318-z"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/76701"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.6.1789"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5045-05.2006"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90139-C"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2621"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00247523"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)00028-8"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2906294"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720819900842","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"Kotrlik J. W.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2016.2587744"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/vesd.40.1.101.15875"},{"volume-title":"Applying regression and correlation: A guide for students and researchers","year":"2001","author":"Miles J.","key":"bibr19-0018720819900842"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2012.10599848"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.003"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(01)00022-0"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1435-3"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026740"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1427"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.06.001"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050604"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198086"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720819900842","first-page":"1856","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Todorov E","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843604000083"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90775.2008"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2002.806653"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569931"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720819900842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0092992"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819900842","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720819900842","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720819900842","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T10:09:48Z","timestamp":1740823788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720819900842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720819900842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819900842","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]}}}