{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:34:20Z","timestamp":1782405260393,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"national aeronautics and space administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UAS in the NAS Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UAS in the NAS Project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim is to provide a high-level synthesis of human factors research that contributed to the development of detect-and-avoid display requirements for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The integration of UAS into the U.S. National Airspace System is a priority under the Federal Aviation Administration\u2019s Modernization and Reform Act. For UAS to have routine access to the National Airspace System, UAS must have detect-and-avoid capabilities. One human factors challenge is to determine how to display information effectively to remote pilots for performing detect-and-avoid tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high-level review of research informing the display requirements for UAS detect-and-avoid is provided. In addition, description of the contributions of human factors researchers in the writing of the requirements is highlighted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings from human-in-the-loop simulations are used to illustrate how evidence-based guidelines and requirements were established for the display of information to assist pilots in performing detect-and-avoid. Implications for human factors are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human factors researchers and engineers made many contributions to generate the data used to justify the detect-and-avoid display requirements. Human factors researchers must continue to be involved in the development of standards to ensure that requirements are evidence-based and take into account human operator performance and human factors principles and guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research presented in this paper is relevant to the design of UAS, the writing of standards and requirements, and the work in human\u2013systems integration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820916326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T14:43:36Z","timestamp":1586875416000},"page":"505-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Human Factors Contributions to the Development of Standards for Displays of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Support of Detect-and-Avoid"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1823-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim-Phuong L.","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University Long Beach, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Conrad","family":"Rorie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Fern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Boeing Company, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Jay","family":"Shively","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720820916326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook S. 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