{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T03:30:12Z","timestamp":1783740612865,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["637991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["637991"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005877","name":"Luonnontieteiden ja Tekniikan Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective was to better understand how people adapt multitasking behavior when circumstances in driving change and how safe versus unsafe behaviors emerge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multitasking strategies in driving adapt to changes in the task environment, but the cognitive mechanisms of this adaptation are not well known. Missing is a unifying account to explain the joint contribution of task constraints, goals, cognitive capabilities, and beliefs about the driving environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We model the driver\u2019s decision to deploy visual attention as a stochastic sequential decision-making problem and propose hierarchical reinforcement learning as a computationally tractable solution to it. The supervisory level deploys attention based on per-task value estimates, which incorporate beliefs about risk. Model simulations are compared against human data collected in a driving simulator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human data show adaptation to the attentional demands of ongoing tasks, as measured in lane deviation and in-car gaze deployment. The predictions of our model fit the human data on these metrics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multitasking strategies can be understood as optimal adaptation under uncertainty, wherein the driver adapts to cognitive constraints and the task environment\u2019s uncertainties, aiming to maximize the expected long-term utility. Safe and unsafe behaviors emerge as the driver has to arbitrate between conflicting goals and manage uncertainty about them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulations can inform studies of conditions that are likely to give rise to unsafe driving behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820927687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T02:48:32Z","timestamp":1596163712000},"page":"1324-1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Multitasking in Driving as Optimal Adaptation Under Uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3024-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jussi P. P.","family":"Jokinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8222-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuomo","family":"Kujala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Oulasvirta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence FCAI, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720820927687","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Attention and performance","author":"Allport A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1036"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.11.1065"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.05.008"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240664"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(00)00021-8"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513271113"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr114"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac6076"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2018.1522556"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.12.2.67"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720820927687","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Computational interaction","author":"Howes A","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017187"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720820927687","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":"26","author":"Howes A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.002"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343411432339"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130009"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(98)00023-X"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.02.035"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.02.009"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811429562"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.12.007"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.1.3"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.86.3.214"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2003.11.012"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.2.358"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0417(00)00015-2"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006777724417"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.115.1.101"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE.1964.231647"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720820927687","first-page":"15","author":"Senders J. W.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Highway ResearchRecord 195: Road User Characteristics"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1970.300289"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720820927687","volume-title":"The sciences of the artificial","author":"Simon H. A","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720820927687","volume":"16","author":"Sprague N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/12.13.19"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720820927687","volume-title":"Reinforcement learning: An introduction","author":"Sutton R. S.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/17.1.28"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.3.360.27250"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720820927687","first-page":"271","volume":"4","author":"Wierwille W. W","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vision in Vehicles"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720820927687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2013.09.019"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720820927687","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720820927687","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720820927687","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:32Z","timestamp":1777449152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720820927687"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720820927687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720820927687","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]}}}