{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:00:19Z","timestamp":1777669219138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For selection practitioners, it seems important to assess the level of mental resources invested in order to perform a demanding task. In this study, we investigated the potential of pupil size measurement to discriminate the most proficient pilot students from the less proficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive workload is known to influence learning outcome. More specifically, cognitive difficulties observed during pilot training are often related to a lack of efficient mental workload management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty pilot students performed a laboratory multitasking scenario, composed of several stages with increasing workload, while their pupil size was recorded. Two levels of pilot students were compared according to the outcome after 2 years of training: high success and medium success.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggested that task-evoked pupil size measurements could be a promising predictor of flight training difficulties during the 2-year training. Indeed, high-level pilot students showed greater pupil size changes from low-load to high-load stages of the multitasking scenario than medium-level pilot students. Moreover, average pupil diameters at the low-load stage were smallest for the high-level pilot students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following the neural efficiency hypothesis framework, the most proficient pilot students supposedly used their mental resources more efficiently than the least proficient while performing the multitasking scenario.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings might introduce a new way of managing selection processes complemented with ocular measurements. More specifically, pupil size measurement could enable identification of applicants with greater chances of success during pilot training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820945163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T14:42:07Z","timestamp":1598884927000},"page":"555-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Toward the Use of Pupillary Responses for Pilot Selection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1678-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Matton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Vincent","family":"Paubel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Puma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cergy Pontoise, France"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.472746"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.91.2.276"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720820945163","first-page":"142","volume":"2","author":"Beatty J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Handbook of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0402_1"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.10.021"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089303500403"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.039"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.02.037"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2013.09.005"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089403600301"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00605.x","volume":"45","author":"Heitz R. P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.143.3611.1190"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720820945163","unstructured":"Huelmann G., Oubaid V. (2004). Computer assisted testing (cat) in aviation psychology (pp. 123\u2013134). Practice and research."},{"key":"bibr15-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.03.008"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.154.3756.1583"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102463"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051316"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0801_2"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720820945163","volume-title":"Oral presented paper at the Advances International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace. Santa Clara, California, USA, July 30-August 1.","author":"Matton N.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816662543"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.04.001"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.4.434"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00017-X"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.004"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720820945163","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2016.10.001"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00884.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220210123806"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720820945163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720820945163","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720820945163","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720820945163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:37Z","timestamp":1777449157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720820945163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720820945163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720820945163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]}}}