{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:00:23Z","timestamp":1777669223856,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mandatory rules for social distancing to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic require individuals to maintain a critical interpersonal distance above 1.5 m. However, this contradicts our natural preference, which is closer to 1 m for non-intimate encounters, for example, when asking a stranger for directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review addresses how humans typically regulate interpersonal distances, in order to highlight the challenges of enforcing atypically large interpersonal distances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To understand the challenges posed by social distancing requirements, we integrate relevant contributions from visual perception, social perception, and human factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To date, research on preferred interpersonal distances suggests that social distancing could induce discomfort, heighten arousal, and decrease social signaling in the short term. While the protracted effects of social distancing are unclear, we propose hypotheses on the mid- to long-term consequences of violating preferred norms of interpersonal distances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We suggest that enforcing a physical distance of 1.5\u20132 m presents a serious challenge to behavioral norms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We address how notifications, architectural design, and visualizations could be effectively applied to promote interpersonal distance requirements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820956858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T10:26:45Z","timestamp":1599647205000},"page":"1095-1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Interpersonal Distance in the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7255-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Welsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"von Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1991.9917794"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/is.16.3.08ara"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2786027"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720820956858","first-page":"1","volume":"189","author":"Bahl P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001391657684003"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916513477653"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758209376073"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720820956858","unstructured":"BZgA. (2020). Verhaltensregeln und -empfehlungen zum schutz VOR dem coronavirus Im alltag und Im miteinander. https:\/\/www.infektionsschutz.de\/coronavirus\/verhaltensregeln.html"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1197"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cartaud A., Quesque F., Coello Y. (2020). Beware of virus! wearing a face mask against covid-19 results in a reduction of social distancing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/ubzea","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/ubzea"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720820956858","unstructured":"CDC. (2020). Social distancing. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/social-distancing.html"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1982.9923525"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00959.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032112"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12049"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/798618"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-018-1091-7"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550611418534"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0078784"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720820956858","volume-title":"The hidden dimension","author":"Hall E. T","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.1.117"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2018.12.009"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720820956858","volume-title":"Wild animals in captivity (S. G., Trans)","author":"Heidiger H","year":"1950"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216651851"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39393.510347.BE"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1968.23.1.111"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-139"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203491"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001391657000200205"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1978.47.3.792"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000252"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167274001001124"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2786470"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2003.10.006"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.83.3.235"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2785668"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022117698039"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1970.tb01257.x"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01006355"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2082"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192753"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1136658"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201976"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217587"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619869336"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231539"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1975.9918710"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987482"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720820956858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198405)40:3<815::AID-JCLP2270400332>3.0.CO;2-G"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720820956858","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720820956858","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720820956858","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:39Z","timestamp":1777449159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720820956858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720820956858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720820956858","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]}}}