{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:02:07Z","timestamp":1777669327222,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602028800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We review the sampling models described in John Senders\u2019s doctoral thesis on \u201cvisual sampling processes\u201d via a ready and accessible exposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>John Senders left a significant imprint on human factors\/ergonomics (HF\/E). Here, we focus on one preeminent aspect of his career, namely visual attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present, clarify, and expand the models in his thesis through computer simulation and associated visual illustrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One of the key findings of Senders\u2019s work on visual sampling concerns the linear relationship between signal bandwidth and visual sampling rate. The models that are used to describe this relationship are the periodic sampling model (PSM), the random constrained sampling model (RCM), and the conditional sampling model (CSM). A recent replication study that used results from modern eye-tracking equipment showed that Senders\u2019s original findings are manifestly replicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Senders\u2019s insights and findings withstand the test of time and his models continue to be both relevant and useful to the present and promise continued impact in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present paper is directed to stimulate a broad spectrum of researchers and practitioners in HF\/E and beyond to use these important and insightful models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820959956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T10:24:25Z","timestamp":1602066265000},"page":"723-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["On Senders\u2019s Models of Visual Sampling Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Y. B.","family":"Eisma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. C. F.","family":"de Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1976.10480949"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1968.300041"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE.1966.232984"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.47730"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0527-6"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-84628-168-7_11"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2018.2806200"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720820959956","unstructured":"Elkind J. (1956) Characteristics of simple manual control systems [Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1721.1\/26873"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816685832"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720820959956","unstructured":"European Commission. (2019). New safety features in your car. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/34588"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720820959956","first-page":"24","volume":"9","author":"Fitts P. M.","year":"1950","journal-title":"Aeronautical Engineering Review"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1955.1055117"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.132.3.0361"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.816375"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819840849"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720820959956","author":"Hancock P. A.","journal-title":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720820959956","unstructured":"Knudtzon N. (1949). Experimental study of statistical characteristics of filtered random noise (Technical Report No. 115). Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved https:\/\/dspace.mit.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1721.1\/4931\/RLE-TR-115-04711221.pdf."},{"key":"bibr18-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.12.6.2"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137808931741"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04659-z"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3618"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720820959956","unstructured":"Matth\u00e9 M. (2017). Formulating a function on Matlab for the Shannon interpolation formula [code]. https:\/\/dsp.stackexchange.com\/questions\/37480\/formulating-a-function-on-matlab-for-the-shannon-interpolation-formula"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE.1967.234304"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720820959956","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Handbook of perception and human performance","volume":"40","author":"Moray N","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.07.001"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE.1964.231647"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720820959956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE.1966.232330"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720820959956","unstructured":"Senders J. W. (1983) Visual sampling processes [Doctoral Dissertation, Katholieke Hogeschool Tilburg]."},{"key":"bibr41-0018720820959956","unstructured":"Senders J. W. (2001). Autobiographical notes. http:\/\/www.johnwsenders.net\/autobio\/"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720820959956","unstructured":"Senders J. W. (2016).\n                      History of human factors\n                      [video file]. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QZH97Xy6NA8&t=2801s"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720820959956","unstructured":"Senders J. W., Elkind J., Grignetti M. C., Smallwood R. (1966). An investigation of the visual sampling behaviour of human observers (Report No. NASA-CR-434). Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration."},{"key":"bibr32-0018720820959956","first-page":"15","volume":"195","author":"Senders J. W.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Highway Research Record"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720820959956","volume-title":"The mathematical theory of communication","author":"Shannon C. 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