{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:01:48Z","timestamp":1777669308984,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003958","name":"Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STW#13712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STW#13712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate how well gaze behavior can indicate driver awareness of individual road users when related to the vehicle\u2019s road scene perception.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An appropriate method is required to identify how driver gaze reveals awareness of other road users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a recognition-based method for labeling of driver situation awareness (SA) in a vehicle with road-scene perception and eye tracking. Thirteen drivers performed 91 left turns on complex urban intersections and identified images of encountered road users among distractor images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drivers fixated within 2\u00b0 for 72.8% of relevant and 27.8% of irrelevant road users and were able to recognize 36.1% of the relevant and 19.4% of irrelevant road users one min after leaving the intersection. Gaze behavior could predict road user relevance but not the outcome of the recognition task. Unexpectedly, 18% of road users observed beyond 10\u00b0 were recognized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite suboptimal psychometric properties leading to low recognition rates, our recognition task could identify awareness of individual road users during left turn maneuvers. Perception occurred at gaze angles well beyond 2\u00b0, which means that fixation locations are insufficient for awareness monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings can be used in driver attention and awareness modelling, and design of gaze-based driver support systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820959958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T02:04:27Z","timestamp":1601431467000},"page":"714-731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Measuring Driver Perception: Combining Eye-Tracking and Automated Road Scene Perception"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8445-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jork","family":"Stapel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mounir","family":"El Hassnaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riender","family":"Happee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720820959958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857020994.n4"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720820959958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.4"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720820959958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700001004"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720820959958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/17.12.8"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720820959958","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1983","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720820959958","first-page":"117","volume":"34","author":"de Winter J. 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