{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T12:04:30Z","timestamp":1778328270094,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant agreement No. 723395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant agreement No. 723395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003958","name":"Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["016.Vidi.178.047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016.Vidi.178.047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate pedestrians\u2019 misuse of an automated vehicle (AV) equipped with an external human\u2013machine interface (eHMI). Misuse occurs when a pedestrian enters the road because of uncritically following the eHMI\u2019s message.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human factors research indicates that automation misuse is a concern. However, there is no consensus regarding misuse of eHMIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty participants each experienced 50 crossing trials in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) simulator. The three independent variables were as follows: (1) behavior of the approaching AV (within-subject: yielding at 33 or 43 m distance, no yielding), (2) eHMI presence (within-subject: eHMI on upon yielding, off), and (3) eHMI onset timing (between-subjects: eHMI turned on 1 s before or 1 s after the vehicle started to decelerate). Two failure trials were included where the eHMI turned on, yet the AV did not yield. Dependent measures were the moment of entering the road and perceived risk, comprehension, and trust.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trust was higher with eHMI than without, and the \u22121 Group crossed earlier than the +1 Group. In the failure trials, perceived risk increased to high levels, whereas trust and comprehension decreased. Thirty-five percent of the participants in the \u22121 and +1 Groups walked onto the road when the eHMI failed for the first time, but there were no significant differences between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>eHMIs that provide anticipatory information stimulate early crossing. eHMIs may cause people to over-rely on the eHMI and under-rely on the vehicle-intrinsic cues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>eHMI have adverse consequences, and education of eHMI capability is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820970751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T02:00:27Z","timestamp":1606442427000},"page":"1070-1085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["External Human\u2013Machine Interfaces Can Be Misleading: An Examination of Trust Development and Misuse in a CAVE-Based Pedestrian Simulation Environment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Anees Ahamed","family":"Kaleefathullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Merat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yee Mun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yke Bauke","family":"Eisma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost de","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.11.002"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.10.013"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info11020061"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100103"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2019.8814030"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22666-4_4"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720820970751","volume-title":"[Conference session]. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting","author":"Clamann M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819836343"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3122986.3123009"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X215656"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info11010013"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.12.009"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.04.003"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01336"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20503-4_8"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342197.3344528"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-018-1104-4"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info10120386"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720820970751","unstructured":"Lagstr\u00f6m T., Lundgren V. 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The 11th International Conference Automotive User Interfaces","author":"L\u00f6cken A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813512865"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X16675674"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342197.3345320"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720820970751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032734"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720820970751","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (2019). Traffic safety facts: 2017 data. 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