{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:02:01Z","timestamp":1777669321979,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested whether a procedure in a hexapod simulator can cause incorrect assumptions of the bank angle (i.e., the \u201cleans\u201d) in airline pilots as well as incorrect interpretations of the attitude indicator (AI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect of the leans on interpretation errors has previously been demonstrated in nonpilots. In-flight, incorrect assumptions can arise due to misleading roll cues (spatial disorientation).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pilots ( n = 18) performed 36 runs, in which they were asked to roll to wings level using only the AI. They received roll cues before the AI was shown, which matched with the AI bank angle direction in most runs, but which were toward the opposite direction in a leans-opposite condition (four runs). In a baseline condition (four runs), they received no roll cues. To test whether pilots responded to the AI, the AI sometimes showed wings level following roll cues in a leans-level condition (four runs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, pilots made significantly more errors in the leans-opposite (19.4%) compared to the baseline (6.9%) or leans-level condition (0.0%). There was a pronounced learning effect in the leans-opposite condition, as 38.9% of pilots made an error in the first exposure to this condition. Experience (i.e., flight hours) had no significant effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The leans procedure was effective in inducing AI misinterpretations and control input errors in pilots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The procedure can be used in spatial disorientation demonstrations. The results underline the importance of unambiguous displays that should be able to quickly correct incorrect assumptions due to spatial disorientation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820975248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T09:06:25Z","timestamp":1606986385000},"page":"962-972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Leans Illusion in Hexapod Simulator Facilitates Erroneous Responses to Artificial Horizon in Airline Pilots"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Annemarie","family":"van den Hoed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemarie","family":"Landman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"},{"name":"TNO Soesterberg, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Van Baelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Stroosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"M. M. (Ren\u00e9)","family":"van Paassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Eric L.","family":"Groen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNO Soesterberg, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720820975248","unstructured":"Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau. (2002).\n                      Final Report of the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau on the Accident to the Saab 340B Aircraft, Registration HB-AKK of Crossair Flight CRX 498 on 10\n                      January 2000 N\n                      ear Nassenwil\/ZH\n                      . https:\/\/www.sust.admin.ch\/inhalte\/AV-berichte\/1781_e.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.G002815"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087501700411"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720820975248","volume-title":"Spatial disorientation training-Demonstration and avoidance (entrainement a la desorientation spatiale-Demonstration et Reponse) (NO. RTO-TR-HFM-118)","author":"Bles W","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720820975248","volume-title":"Final report on the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203, registered F-GZCP, operated by Air France, Flight AF 447 Rio de Janeiro\u2013Paris","author":"Bureau d\u2019Enqu\u00eates et d\u2019Analyses pour la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019Aviation Civile","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720820975248","unstructured":"Cameroon Civil Aviation Authority. (2010).\n                      Technical Investigation into the Accident of the B737-800 Registration 5y-Kya Operated by Kenya Airways that Occurred on the 5th of\n                      May 2007\n                      in Douala\n                      . https:\/\/reports.aviation-safety.net\/2007\/ 20070505-0_B738_5Y-KYA.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3243-0"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2016.7778061"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720820975248","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2013). Operational use of flight path management systems: Final report of the performance-based operations aviation rulemaking committee \/ commercial aviation safety team \/ flight deck automation group. https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/aircraft\/air_cert\/design_approvals\/human_factors\/media\/oufpms_report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.4.P179"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1992-2404"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/3.58832"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e412822004-001"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heerspink H. M., Berkouwer W. R., Stroosma O., Van Paassen M. M. (Ren\u00e9)., Mulder M., Mulder J. A. (2005).\n                      Evaluation of vestibular thresholds for motion detection in the SIMONA research simulator\n                      [Conference session]. Proceedings of the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, San Francisco (CA), USA, August 15-18, no. AIAA 2005-6502, pp. 1212\u20131231.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2005-6502"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720820975248","first-page":"957","volume":"74","author":"Holmes S. R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087201400201"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102905"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0301006619901053"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2021-1137"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24721840.2019.1696680"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/8.2491"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24721840.2018.1486714"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5446.2020"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0904_5"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086801000402"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087501700409"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720820975248","volume":"217164","author":"Santiago-Espada Y.","year":"2011","journal-title":"NASA Tech Memorandum"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2017.2732506"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720820975248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2003-5525"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720820975248","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720820975248","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720820975248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:44Z","timestamp":1777449164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720820975248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720820975248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720820975248","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]}}}