{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T10:08:37Z","timestamp":1770458917813,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> The aim of this study was to model the effect of body armor coverage on body core temperature elevation and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) offset. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Heat stress is a critical factor influencing the health and safety of military populations. Work duration limits can be imposed to mitigate the risk of exertional heat illness and are derived based on the environmental conditions (WBGT). Traditionally a 3\u00b0C offset to WBGT is recommended when wearing body armor; however, modern body armor systems provide a range of coverage options, which may influence thermal strain imposed on the wearer. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> The biophysical properties of four military clothing ensembles of increasing ballistic protection coverage were measured on a heated sweating manikin in accordance with standard international criteria. Body core temperature elevation during light, moderate, and heavy work was modeled in environmental conditions from 16\u00b0C to 34\u00b0C WBGT using the heat strain decision aid. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Increasing ballistic protection resulted in shorter work durations to reach a critical core temperature limit of 38.5\u00b0C. Environmental conditions, armor coverage, and work intensity had a significant influence on WBGT offset. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Contrary to the traditional recommendation, the required WBGT offset was &gt;3\u00b0C in temperate conditions (&lt;27\u00b0C WBGT), particularly for moderate and heavy work. In contrast, a lower WBGT offset could be applied during light work and moderate work in low levels of coverage. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> Correct WBGT offsets are important for enabling adequate risk management strategies for mitigating risks of exertional heat illness. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211005220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T15:59:00Z","timestamp":1618588740000},"page":"1306-1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Heat Stress Management in the Military: Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Offsets for Modern Body Armor Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2753-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"Adam W.","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Denise M.","family":"Linnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"Ian B.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208211005220","unstructured":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 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